Some Facts from the History of Pharmacology
Using plants and ________________ to treat all kinds of diseases and ________________ is believed to date back to prehistoric medicine. Here are some examples from the ancient pharmacology. Thus, one of the oldest known ________________ -The Gynaecological Papyrus (≈ 1800 BC) - represents the first documented use of any kind of medication. It ________________ Ancient Egyptian medical practices, such as using honey to treat ________________.
Ancient Babylonian medicine demonstrates the use of prescriptions in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. Medicinal creams and pills were employed as ________________.
A ________________ text of Hinduism the Atharvaveda describes plant-based medications ________________ diseases.
The ________________ for physicians (5th century BC, Greece) refers to the existence of "deadly drugs".
The first ________________ (chemist’s shops) were created in Baghdad in the 8th century AD. The ________________ syringe was invented in 9th century in Iraq.
The Canon of Medicine by Ibn Sina (Avicenna), who is considered the father of modern medicine, reported 800 already tested drugs. Islamic medicine knew of at least 2,000 medicinal and ________________.
As far as medieval pharmacology is concerned, it should be mentioned that during that period the use of antiseptics, anaesthetics and some herbal medicines became widespread.
During the First World War (the period of modern pharmaceutics) the method of ________________ wounds with the help of irrigation, a ________________ which helped prevent gangrene and some other things were discovered. In the inter-war period, the first ________________ such as the sulpha antibiotics were developed. The Second World War saw the introduction of widespread and effective antimicrobial therapy with the development and mass production of ________________ antibiotics.
Medicines commonly used by the late 1920s included ________________, codein and morphine for pain; digitalis and quinine for heart disorders, and insulin for ________________.
In the 1950s new psychiatric drugs were designed in pharmaceutical ________________ and slowly came into ________________.
As the 21st century begins, pharmaceutical companies are continuing ________________ against humankind’s ancient enemies and meeting new challenges, including seeking better treatments and cures for AIDS and Alzheimer's disease.
Exercise 4:Find the right translation:
| Могу я Вам чем-нибудь помочь? | She once did me a good turn and we’ve been good friends ever since. |
| Он очень помог. | He didn’t lift a finger to help me out. |
| Спасибо за помощь. | They refused us help. |
| В трудную минуту он всегда приходил мне на помощь. | He was employed to assist the manager in his duties. |
| Где я могу получить срочную медицинскую помощь? | I’ll help you if I can. |
| Она однажды оказала мне добрую услугу, и с тех пор мы большие друзья. | Can I be of any help? |
| Его взяли на работу, чтобы он помогал менеджеру выполнять его обязанности. | She got one of her assistant to do the work. |
| Я помогу вам, если смогу. | Where can I get immediate medical care? |
| Вы всегда можете обратиться к нему за помощью. | He was very helpful. |
| Вам нужна помощь? | Thank you for your assistance. |
| Мы сможем сделать это без посторонней помощи. | He always came to my aid when things were tough. |
| Он и пальцем не пошевелил, чтобы помочь мне. | Do you need any help? |
| Она поручила одному из своих помощников сделать эту работу. | You can always turn to him for help. |
| Они отказали нам в помощи. | We can do it without anybody’s assistance. |
Exercise 5:Make the dialogues according to the cases:
Exercise 6:Play the dialogue and make similar one:
DIALOGUE
| Helen: Jane: Helen: Jane: Helen: Jane: Helen: Jane: Helen: Jane: Helen: Jane: Helen: | Good morning, Jane. How are you?
Good morning, Helen. Pretty busy this week. There is no time for loafing.
 Really. What are you busy with then?
The firm “The Wedding Wizards” I’m working at secured an important order. It is to design a wedding ceremony of a famous person.
That sounds like a big job!
Yeah, we have a lot to do. We are to find a place which will perfectly fit for this ceremony. Then we should arrange everything there according to the style the bride has chosen. You know, tables and chairs, table cloths and napkins, flowers and all that stuff. Besides, we should custom a design of a wedding cake. By the way, I’ve heard that you are a perfect confectioner. Am I right?
Yes, you are. Can I be of any help to you?I’ll help you if I can.
You can. Here is the description of a wedding cake. You are to put it into life.
Mmm, let me see. Three layers of yellow sponge cake filled with smooth, rich vanilla butter-cream decorated with lots of pink flowers and bright butterflies. I’m afraid I won’t be able to do all that by myself. I will have to get one of my assistants to do part of this work.
It doesn’t matter whether you do bake and decorate the cake alone or with the help of your assistants. We’ll be glad for any help from you.
You once did me a good turn, Jane, and we’ve been good friends ever since. How can I refuse to help you now?
Oh, Helen. You are very helpful. Thank you very much.
No need to thank me. I am just glad to help out my old friend.
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Exercise 7:Translate some cliché from the dialogue:
1. Pretty busy this week. 2. There is no time for loafing. 3. To do something with the help of and assistant 4. to do somebody a good turn 5. You are very helpful! 6. No need to thank me. 7. to be glad to help out a friend.
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Exercise 8:Before reading the text answer some questions:
1. Is it important for a pharmacy student to know the drug manufacturing process? Why?
2. Give your own definition of the term “medication”. Compare your answer with “English-English Dictionary”.
3. In the dictionary find the definition of the terms: screening; trial, application.