CONVEYING THE NAMES OF COMPANIES, CORPORATIONS, FIRMS
1. Traditionally, most names of companies (corporations, firms, etc.) are transcribed or transliterated and shortly explicated at the same time. This method is also employed when rendering the names of publishing houses, titles of most newspapers and magazines or journals, and of some public bodies. The translation may be performed either with the employment of a shorter or more extended explication. The former is practised when the name of the company (corporation, firm) is well-known or when translating at language level; the latter is resorted to when translating at speech/text level: Associated Biscuit Manufacturers англійська компанія по випуску хрустких коржиків «Ессошіейтед біскіт менюфекчерерз; TWall & Sons Co. Ltd. англійська компанія по виробництву м'ясомолочних продуктів і морозива «Т. Волл енд санз компані лімітед», but: General Motors/ Standard Oil корпорація «Дженерал Моторз/Стандард Ойл».
Ukrainian companies, firms and other state and private bodies performing the same or similar functions are translated according to the same rule (they are transliterated or transcribed and explicated at the same time). For example: Київська фірма «Світанок» Kyiv Svitanok civil services firm; виробниче об'єднання «Краснодонвугілля» «Krasnodonvuhillya Coal Production Amalgamation; Укргазпром Ukrainian Ukrhazprom natural gas importing and extracting body; «Київоблпобутрадіотехніка» Kyiv region Kyivoblpobutradiotekhnika home radio engineering services body (firm); акціонерне товариство «Білицька меблева фабрика» Bilychi Joint-Stock Furniture Factory Association; СП «Вента» (парфуми та косметика з Болгарії) Bulgarian Venta Joint Venture (perfumes, make-up); Львівська взуттєва фірма «Прогрес» Lviv Prohres footwear firm.
2. Translation of the names of British/American publishing houses is performed according to the same rules: Associated Book I 'iihlishers лондонська книжково-видавнича фірма «Ассошіейтід і »ук і іаблішерз»; Cambridge University Press англійське видавництво и.іуковоїта довідкової літератури при Кембриджському університеті «Кембрідж юніверсіті прес»; Edward Arnolds (Publishers) Ltd. лондонське видавництво навчально-педагогічної та наукової літератури «Едвард Арнольдз (паблішерз) лімітед»; Harper& Row (USA) видавництво різної літератури «Гарпер енд Роу» (США).
4. Names of theatres, cinemas, hotels are also mostly repro-duced through transcription or transliteration and explication at the same time: Comedy Theatre театр «Комеді»; Dairy Lane музичний театр «Драрі/Друрі-Лейн»; Commercial Theatre «Комерційний театр» (розрахований виключно на касовий збір); the Continental «Континенталь» (назва кількох лондонських кінотеатрів, у яких демонструються переважно зарубіжні фільми); the Empire кінотеатр «Емпайер» (великий лондонський кінотеатр); Большой театр the Bolshoi Theatre or: the Moscow Bolshoi Opera and Ballet Theatre; Київський державний український драматичний театр ім. Івана Франка the Kyiv State Ivan Franko Ukrainian Drama Theatre; (Київський) театр музкомедії the (Kyiv) Musical Comedy Theatre; (Київський) театр юного глядача the (Kyiv) Young Spectators Theatre; кінотеатр «Київ»/ «Славутич» the Kyiv city Kyiv/Slavutych Cinema Hall.
5. Names of hotels are translated in the same way as the names of cinema halls. When the names originate from common nouns (or word-combinations) they may be transcribed, transliterated and explicated or translated: the Royal Court Hotel готель «Роял корт»; the Mitre Hotel лондонський готель «Майтер» (Митра); готель «Київ»/«Русь»/ «Україна» the Kyiv/ RusV Ukraina Hotel; the Opryland Hotel/ Restaurant (Nashville, Tennessee) готель/ресторан «Опріленд» (США, м Нешвіл, штат Теннессі); the Westin Hotel (Calgary, Canada) К.піґерський готель «Вестін» (Канада), готель «Колос»/«Берізка»/ «Затишок» the Kolos, Birch Tree, (Cosy Nook) Hotel, Лисянський 11 • і ель «Колос» the Lysyanka Kolos Hotel.
The same way of translating is employed when dealing with the names of restaurants: the Banff Springs Restaurant (ab. Calgary) ресторан «Бенф Спрінґс», the Anatole Restaurant (Dallas) ресторан «Анатоль»; ресторан «Москва»/ «Дніпро»/ «Київ» the Moskva/ Pnlpro/ Kyiv restaurant; ресторан «Вітряк»А<Мисливський» the Vitryak (Windmill)/Myslyvskyi (Hunter's) restaurant.
6. Names of newspapers, journals, and magazines require a special approach on the part of the translator. The thing is that in I nglish some more extended explication may be needed for a par-ticular foreign newspaper (magazine, journal) than in Ukrainian: газета «Голос України» the Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada Holos Ukrainy news-I («per; «Народна Армія» the Ukrainian army Narodna Armiya/Armia paper/newspaper; «Независимость» a Ukrainian Russian language Nezavisimost newspaper/paper, «Молодь України» the Ukrainian youth Molod' Ukrainy newspaper; «Буковина» the Bukovyna region(al) Bukovyna newspaper/daily; «Вечірній Київ» the Kyiv city Verchirniy Kyiv evening newspaper, but газета «День» The Ukrainian Day news-l taper (published also in English).
Very often the body to which the paper belongs or which sponsors its publication may be indicated too: орган міністерства народної освіти України газета «Освіта» Ukraine's Ministry of Public Education and Culture Osvita weekly; газета Спілки українських письменників «Літературна Україна» the Ukrainian writers Union I iteraturna Ukraina weekly.
Names of Ukrainian journals (magazines) are translated in the нате way as the titles of newspapers: журнал «Вітчизна» Ukrainian Writers' Vitchyzna/Vitcyzna (Fatherland) literary journal; журнал «Перець» Ukrainian humorous and satirical Perets (Pepper) weekly magazine; журнал «Жінка» Ukrainian Zhinka (Woman) monthly/magazine; журнал «Мовознавство» Ukrainian linguistic Movoznavstvo journal or: Ukrainian linguists' Movoznavstvo journal; журнал «Іноземні моки» Ukrainian teachers of foreign languages Inozemni Movy journal; журнал «Сучасність» Ukrainian Suchasnists' (modern literature find politics) journal.
The titles of English newspapers, journals and magazines are traditionally less explicated in Ukrainian (like in Russian) translation: the New York Times газета «Нью-Йорк тайме»; Observer англійський соціально-політичний тижневик «Обсервер»; Washington Post газета «Вашингтон пост»; Business Week (орган ділових кіл США) журнал «Бізнес вік». The definite/indefinite article used before the titles of English newspapers/journals is mostly omitted in Ukrainian translation: The Teacher «Тічер» (щотижнева газета вчителів Великобританії); The Seaman «Сімен» (альманах профспілки моряків Великобританії); but: News of the World «Ньюс оф зе ворлд» (англійська недільна бульварна газета).
Several titles of foreign newspapers and journals may also be translated into English. Among them are the following: «Новое время» the Russian New Times English language journal; «Красная звезда» The Russian Army paper The Red Star (in Russia's English press, however, only Krasnaya Zvesda); «Полярная звезда» the Decembrists journal The Pole Star; but «Женьмінь-жібао» the Chinese Communist/ Beijing People's Daily.
7. Translation of the names of streets, avenues and squares is predetermined by several factors. Alongside the established tradition, the most important of these factors is the meaning of the component parts making up the name. When used in contextul environment, the names of streets, avenues, roads, and squares may often be simply transcribed or transliterated, since the nouns «street», «avenue», «road» or «square» are familiar to many Ukrainians: Dean Street Дін-Стріт; Milton Street/Oxford Street Мільтон Стріт/Оксфорд-Стріт; Wall Street/Fleet Street Волл-Стріт/Фліт-Стріт; Farringdon Road Фаррінґдон-Роуд.
When used out of context, however, the names of streets, avenues and roads require in Ukrainian an additional explanatory noun вулиця (бульвар, провулок): Midland Park Road вул. Мідланд-парк роуд; Narrow Lane вул. (пров.) Нерроу-лейн; Portobello Road вул. Портобелло-Роуд; Threadneedle Street вул. Треднідл-Стріт (центр Сіті), but Wall Street Вол-Стріт.
The streets (avenues) with numbers instead of the proper names always have the number translated and not given in figures: Sixth/ Seventh Street Шоста/Сьома вулиця (Нью-Йорк); First (Third, Ninth) Avenue Перша (Третя, Дев'ята) авеню. The names of streets with no appositional «street/avenue» nouns in English must be added вулиця in Ukrainian translation: Cheyne Walk вул. Чейні-вок (у районі Челсі); the Mall/Pall Mall вул. Мел/Пел Мел (у центрі Лондона); Unwin Place/Portland Place вул. Анвін-Плейс/вул. Портленд-Плейс.
Ukrainian names of streets (roads, avenues) are translated according to the common rule, the proper name being transliterated (rarely transcribed) and the explaining common noun вулиця, бульвар, провулок is translated: Андріївська/Польова вулиця Andriivska/ Polyova Street; бульвар Лесі Українки/Шевченка Lesya Ukrainka/ Shevchenko Avenue. In recent years, however, especially in the local English press more and more often our вулиця, бульвар, etc. are transliterated in English: vulyts'a/vulytsia Kostel'na, vulytsia Bohdana Khmelnyts'koho, ploshcha Peremohy, ploshchaTolstoho, but майдан Незалежності Maidan Nezalezhnosti, etc.
When the noun вулиця, бульвар, провулок is not used in Ukrainian, it should naturally be added in the English translation: Андріївський Узвіз Andriivskyi Uzviz Road/vulytsia; Лиса Гора/Ярославів Вал Lysa Hora/Yaroslaviv Val Street/vulytsia; Нижній/Верхній Вал Nyzhniy/ Verkhniy Val Street (Road) or vulytsia.
The names of streets and squares given in honour of social, political or historical events/personalities, along with the names formed from regular common nouns, qualitative or relative adjectives, are mostly translated. This way of translating is especially common in written language when it is not connected directly with oral communication: бульвар Дружби народів The Friendship of Nations (Peoples' Friendship) Avenue/Boulevard; вулиця Верховної Ради/Грушевського Verkhovna Rada/Hrushevs'koho Street/vulytsia (in English newspapers published in Ukraine).
The names of English squares are also mostly transcribed and explicated (by adding площа) whether the noun «square» is mentioned or not: Clerkenwell Green/Percy Circus пл. Кларкенвел-Ґрін/ Персі-серкус; Elephant and Castle пл. Елефантенд Касл; Grosvenor Square (Hanover Square) пл. Ґросвенор-Сквер (Геновер-Сквер).
Some names of squares may be either transcribed/transliter-;ited or translated from the English language as well: Parliament Square пл. Парлемент-Сквер/ Парламентська площа; Trafalgar Square пл. Трафальґар-Сквер/Трафальґарська площа; George Washington Square пл. Джорджа Вашингтона/Майдан Джорджа Вашинґтона.
Names of Ukrainian squares are rendered in a similar way though they are more often translated into English. It happens when the name of the square originates from a common noun or is a stable word-combination denoting some historical or revolutionary event: площа Богдана Хмельницького/Толстого Bohdan Khmel'nytskyi/Tolstoi Square/Ploshcha; Контрактова площа Kontraktova Square/Ploshcha; Голосіївська пл. Holosiivska Square/Ploshcha and also: Bohdana Khmel'nytskoho Square/Ploshcha.
Sometimes in oral and written practice both transliteration or transcription as well as regular translation may be employed. This becomes inevitable when the name of the square/street originates from a common noun or when it is necessary to avoid some misunderstanding. Besides, there may arise a need to clarify the lexical meaning of a proper name (or a component part of it) in the target language: пл. Перемоги (Київ) Peremohy (Victory) Square/Ploshcha; пл. Возз'єднання (Київ) Vozyednannya (Reunification) Square/ Ploshcha; Музейний провулок Muzeinyi Provulok (by-street).
Certainly of interest for our students may be the rule of translating such peculiar notions as житловий масив and адміністративний район in a city. Thus, Васильківський/Яготинський район is Vasyl'kivs'kyi/Yahotyns'kyi district/rayon, Шевченківський район м.Києва is Shevchenkivs'kyi district of Kyiv. Any житловий район in any city is always a residential area: (the) Syrets/Nyvky residential area in Kyiv Shevchenkivs'kyi district, the Oleksiyivka residential area in Kharkiv, the Kharkivs'kyi Masyv residential area (in Kyiv).
9. Special attention should be paid to the translation of the names of institutions, enterprises, geographical objects, etc., bearing honorary names. In English the honorary name precedes the enterprise/body which bears it, whereas in Ukrainian/Russian it always follows the name of the enterprise/body: Humboldt State College Державний коледж ім. Гумбольдта; George Washington Library Бібліотека ім. Джорджа Вашинґтона; Lafayette/Longfellow College Коледж ім. Лафаєтта/Лонгфеллло; but: Cape Kennedy/Vandenberg мис Кеннеді/Ванденберґа, бібліотека ім. Котляревського the Kotlyarevskyi library; Національна бібліотека України ім. академіка Вернадського Ukrainian Academician Vernadskyi National Library.
Note. Names of literary and scientific/peace prizes are mainly translated in two ways - with the preservation of the name which the prize bears or with the transformation of the noun into a corresponding relative adjective: Nobel Prize Нобелівська премія (премія імені Нобеля); Pulitzer Prize Пулітцерівска премія (премія ім. Пулітцера); Taras Shevchenko Prize Шевченківська премія (премія ім. Т.Г. Шевченка); Rylskyi Translation Prize перекладацька премія ім. Максима Рильського.
English honorary names, therefore, are mostly transformed into relative adjectives in Ukrainian, whereas Ukrainian relative adjectives must be translated, where possible, as corresponding English nouns. This rule should also be observed when translating the names which contain the often used adjective державний. The latter, however, may sometimes be omitted in English, which should not be treated as a translator's mistake. The thing is that belonging of important institutions to state property in all countries is considered self-evident. As a result, two faithful translations of this kind of names are possible: Київська державна кіностудія ім. О .Довженка, Kyiv State Dovzhenko Film Studio, 2. the Kyiv Dovzhenko Film Studio; Львівський державний університет ім. Івана Франка. 1. Lviv I.Franko State University, 2. Lviv I.Franko University or: 1. Kyiv State Taras Schevchenko National University 2. Kyiv Taras Schevchenko National University.
The honorary names originating from common nouns or from those denoting historical/revolutionary events may be conveyed in two ways: 1) translated only or 2) transliterated/transcribed and explicated in brackets at the same time. Especially often this kind of names were used in Soviet times. Cf. Дзвонковецький колгосп «Смерть капіталізму»/«Тихе життя» (Корнійчук) the Dzvonkove Smert' Capitalizmu (Death to capitallizm /Tykhe Zhyttia (Quiet Life) collective farm; Львівська фірма кондитерських виробів «Світоч» Lviv Svitoch (Torchlight) Confectionery Firm. Some names of our institutions which have recently changed their official status may be used with the definite article in the English translated variant1: Горлівський державний педагогічний інститут іноземних мов The Horlivka Foreign Languages Teachers' Training Institute (now University); Київський медичний університет ім. Богомольця Kyiv Bohomolets Medical University; Музична школа ім. М.Лисенка The M.Lysenko Musical School. It should be emphasized that the NNN-.NNNN-, etc. asyndetic word-groups are preferred in newspaper style whereas in spoken lan-guage or in belles-lettres works prepositional phrases are used to convey such and the like names of institutions: колишній Києво-Святошинський радгосп «Шляхом перемог» (the) former Kyiv Svyatoshyn Shlyakhom Peremoh (On the Road to Victories) state farm (newspaper style), but (the) Shlyakhom Peremoh (On the Road to Victories) state farm in Kyiv Svyatoshyn district (spoken English or belles-lettres style). When translating such and the like often used today complicated names of different institutions, the student should strictly stick to the rule: in English the honorary name, functioning as a relative adjective, follows the place name substituting the Ukrainian possessive and relative adjective formed from the place name. For example: Київський державний педагогічний університет імені МДрагоманова Kyiv State M.Drahomanov Teachers Training University.
Similarly translated are also names of newly formed on the basis of former collective/state farms enterprises. Cf. Семенівське КСП (колективне сільськогосподарське підприємство) Semenivs'ke Cooperative Agricultural Enterprise; Рідкодубське приватне с/г Товариство The Ridkodub Private Farmers' Association/Joint Stock Agricultural Association, etc.
Any other approach to translation of such and the like word-group structures, including the descriptive translation, which is sometimes employed by inexperienced translators, will be stylistically incompatible and therefore wrong. Care should be taken to avoid the stylistically unjustified expression «the named after» which is to be used only in explanatory versions, as in the sentence «After Ukraine's gaining independence many state institutions were named after our most prominent patriots Hrushevskyi, Vynnychenko, The Heroes of Kruty, Petlyura, and many others.» Hence, the Lviv V.Stefanyk library, the Symyrenko Horticultural Research Centre and never «the named after» Symyrenko Horticultural Research Centre or «the named after» V.Stefanyk Lviv library. It must be repeatedly emphasized that the placement of the honorary name in English translations is strictly predetermined and can not be changed deliberately unless required by the speech situation (style) and content.