II. Answer the questions and check your comprehension.
КОНТРОЛЬНА РОБОТА
з дисципліни “Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням ”
спеціальність СМВВШ, курс 3, заочна форма навчання
Variant 1
I. Read and and translate italics part of the text.
Different Types of Cargo
Merchant ships are designed to carry cargo. This cargo may be divided into two basic types: bulk cargo and general cargo. Bulk cargo consists of a single commodity. This commodity is usually carried loose. General cargo consists of a variety of goods. These goods are packed separately. Bulk cargo is carried in specially designed vessels, therefore stowing presents few problems. With general cargo stowage presents many problems, because each item has its own type of packing and characteristics.
Bulk cargo can be divided into liquid or dry bulk cargo. Liquid bulk cargo is carried in tankers. Most tankers are designed to carry crude oil or its refined products, such as fuel oils. The oil is carried in tanks. These are connected by a system of pipes to a central manifold. The cargo is pumped on board at the loading port by shore pumps. At the discharging port the ship pumps the oil ashore using her own pumps. Dry bulk cargo is carried in bulk carriers. The cargo is carried in self-trimming holds. Dry bulk cargo includes grain, iron-ore, coal and sugar. It is loaded automatically by buckets on a conveyor belt system or through large tubes. Although the cargo stows itself, it is important to maintain the ship’s stability and to make sure that the cargo will not move during the voyage. Dry bulk cargo is unloaded by huge grabs or cranes or by giant suction tubes.
General cargo can be divided into containerized, non-containerized and refrigerated cargo. Non-containerized cargo presents most stowage problems, because each commodity has its own type of packaging and characteristics. Goods may be in bags, bales, cases or steel drums. Individual pieces of machinery may not be packaged at all. Some cargoes such as tobacco and rubber have a strong odour and will tain delicate cargoes such as tea and rice. Other cargoes such as cement and fertilizers are dusty and leave a residue behind them Heavy cargoes must not be stowed on top of fragile cargoes. This can cause problems if the heavy cargo has to come out first. General cargo is loaded by cranes and the ship’s own derricks. Non-containerizes cargo is carried in multi-deck vessels. To help with the problem of stowage many types of general cargo are now being put into containers of standard dimensions. A container is 8 feet high and 8 feet wide (2.44m X 2.44m) and is usually 20 feet or 40 feet (6.1m or 12.2m) in length. They are carried in specially designed container ships and loaded and unloaded by special cranes from the quayside. The containers are stowed both above and below deck. Perishable cargoes such as meat, fruit and dairy products are carried in ships with refrigerated holds. These holds are designed to keep food at the correct temperature. Some food such as fish is frozen solid, other food such as fruit is only chilled. Mutton and lamb are stowed fore and aft, beef when chilled is hung on hooks. Eggs and butter are easy tainted. Fruit needs good ventilation. Refrigerated cargo is loaded by cranes and derricks.
II. Answer the questions and check your comprehension.
- What is bulk cargo?
- What is general cargo?
- Why is bulk cargo easier to stow than general cargo?
- What type of pumps may tankers have for unloading oil?
- What types of cargoes will taint delicate cargoes?
- Why are general cargoes now being put into containers?
- What are the dimensions of container?
- What sort of cargo is carried in refrigerated holds?
III. Give English equivalents to the following phrases.
1. Мы подготовим 5 трюмов.
2. Сколько трюмов должно разгружаться одновременно?
3. Сколько бригад примут участие в разгрузочных работах?
4. Разрешите мне посмотреть карго-план.
5. Четыре бригады будут работать в кормовых трюмах и одна в одном из носовых.
6. Кто возглавит разгрузку?
7. Если у Вас возникнут какие-либо претензии, Вы можете обратиться к бригадиру.
8. Будьте готовы начать разгрузку в 8 часов утра.
9. Вы будете разгружать судовыми стрелами или береговыми кранами?
10. Нам надо только пять кранов не больше.