А) Сокращения, часто встречающиеся в текстах любой тематики (в порядке алфавита) 7 страница
Godzilla the Germ:
Sharks to the Rescue:
1) Epulopiscium is notable for sheer grotesqueness, but it also upsets some long-held scientific assumptions.
2) But it is surprisingly effective against a broad range of microbes, including fungi, bacteria and parasites.
3) Epulopiscium fishelsoni is not among them.
4) For one, biologists had believed that bacteria could never be very large because, unlike one-celled animals (such as amoebas), they don’t have the internal machinery to spread nutrients through their bodies.
5) Scientists have long wondered why sharks never seem to get sick.
6) A synthetic version of the dogfish drug is being tested against a variety of human diseases.
7) Most bacteria have the decency to be microscopic.
8) The new compound, a chemical cousin of cholesterol, does not belong to any known class of antibiotics, according to a report published by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.
9) If that’s true, scientists know less than they thought about the early history of life on earth.
10) The newly identified one-celled macro-microorganism, which lives harmlessly in the intestine of the Red Sea-dwelling brown surgeonfish, is a full .5 mm long, large enough to be seen with the naked eye.
11) Now it appears that some fossil microorganisms, which researchers presumed to be animals, may be bacteria instead.
12) Now a team of scientists, working with dogfish taken from the Gulf of Maine, think they may have the answer: a powerful antibiotic found in virtually every cell of the shark’s body.
13) Described in the current Nature, it is a million times as massive as a typical bacterium.
14) Despite a relatively primitive immune system, they almost never get infected after suffering wounds, and they seem to be cancer-free.
Please note that these two articles are taken from British newspapers, so they use British English.
Exercise 39
Four sentences have been removed from the following article. They are given at the end, but there’s an extra one, too. Find where each sentence belong and also find which one is not needed.
Bigamist ‘who forgot first wife’ is jailed
A bigamist who claimed that his memory was so bad that he had forgotten his first marriage has been jailed for six months.
Leslie Knott, 40, agreed to become a Mormon before marrying Marguerita Taylor, 38, in March 1995. But he left her while she was expecting twins and married Catherine Scott, 37, at Chester register office. 1) _______.
Michael Hemsley, defending, said: “2) _________. He says he has no record whatsoever of the first marriage and believes at the time he was in Ipswich.” Knott, of Blacon, Chester, was convicted of bigamy at Chester magistrates’ court.
Afterwards, Miss Taylor, of Warrington, Cheshire, said Knott arrived home one evening, packed his bags and announced that he was leaving. 3) _______.
She said: “I said I didn’t, and asked if he was in trouble. Then the policeman said, ‘By the way, do you know he’s married again?’. I shouted, ‘What?’ Then my legs almost buckled. 4) ______.”
Miss Taylor said she had begun divorce proceedings. “I’ve also had the kids baptized under my name, not his,” she said.
A) She heard nothing more from him until police arrived at her home to ask if she knew where he was living.
B) I was absolutely shell-shocked.
C) He told Miss Scott that his first wife had died.
D) Mr Knott obviously likes women very much.
E) He does not have a good memory.
Exercise 40
The sentences of the following article have been mixed (except for the first and last one). Put the five sentences in the middle in the correct order.
Teenager takes his place among heroes
Teenager Ross Davies has attended a glittering reception at London’s Savoy Hotel for the country’s heroines and heroes.
A) He repeatedly dived back into the murky water to breathe air into Liam’s lungs and managed to keep him alive for 15 minutes until rescuers arrived.
B) The couple also invited the 23 winners to 10 Downing Street for a tour, signed autographs and posed for pictures.
C) Ross, 18, from Stanway, was invited to the celebration for saving the life of his 15-year-old friend Liam Coffey, when their car plunged into a 16ft, water-filled ditch.
D) A number of celebrities, including Chris Evans and the Duchess of York attended the reception hosted by Prime Minister Tony Blair and his wife Cherie.
E) Ross managed to scramble free from the vehicle but returned when he realized his friend was trapped in the Ford Escort.
The reception was organized by a national newspaper which hands out gold star awards every year for outstanding bravery.
Exercise 41
After reading the text below, decide whether the statements that follow are, according to the text, false or not stated (the text gives no information about the statement).
Juvenile crime almost halved during a pioneering neighbourhood watch initiative on truancy, according to research published yesterday.
Shopkeepers, police and public responded enthusiastically to an appeal to look out for children absconding from school as part of a pilot project in Stoke-on-Trent. The findings will be used by John Patten, the Education Secretary, next week when he distributes government grants to support a national network of similar schemes.
David Portas, of the Centre for Police Management and Research at Staffordshire University, said arrests of children aged 17 and below had fallen 48.5 per cent in the four months since the scheme started in Hanley.
The statements:
1) There are about half as many crimes committed by young offenders as four months ago in the areas where the neighbourhood watch initiative was introduced.
2) The programme involved schools looking out for children reported missing by local people.
3) The children who were being watched are going to get a government grant.
4) Stoke-on-Trent had a high truancy rate.
5) David Portas says he has arrested teenagers near Staffordshire University.
Exercise 42
Please see the instructions for Exercise 41.
As police yesterday stepped up their search for a man they suspect might have been abducted, his wife spoke of her fear that he has killed himself.
Grant Price, 43, an accountant, disappeared last Saturday while on a shopping trip to Foreham with his son David, when he said he had left something behind and returned to the car. The boy told police that soon afterwards he saw what he believed was his father’s car leave with three people inside.
About two hours before Mr Price disappeared, a 20-year-old man was stabbed in the leg in Fareham by two men who tried to take his car.
The statements:
1) Mr Price may have committed suicide.
2) The Prices live in Fareham.
3) David was mistaken in believing that he saw his father’s car.
4) Mr. Price might have been kidnapped by the same people who inured the young man.
5) It seems that the two people badly needed a car.
Exercise 43
Complete the text below with the phrases given at the end (A-M). One of the phrases is not used, and one of them is given to help you.
When it comes to arithmetic (0)_ D_
Two rhesus primates have made monkeys out of scientists who believe (1) ______ depends on language.
The trained monkeys, called Rosencrantz and Madcap, showed that they could master simple arithmetic. Columbia University psychologists, (2) _______, have demonstrated that monkeys can grasp the concept of numbers from one to nine.
The research, (3) ______, further blurs the line between humans and other animals.
“The monkeys share with humans the capacity to master simple arithmetic, on at least the level of a two-year-old child,” said Elizabeth Brannon, (4) ______, New York.
Science said it “shakes up scientific consensus (5) _______ that depends on language”.
The psychologists first trained the monkeys (6) ______ containing one, two, three or four objects. The animals were then shown pairs of images with between five and nine objects, and asked to touch the lower and higher number in order – (7) ______. Many animals, from parrots to dolphins, (8) ________, for example between a ball with three dots and one with six dots. However, the Columbia researchers go further by showing (9) _____ to higher numbers that they had not previously encountered.
The researchers believe (10) ______ and that number skills preceded human speech. Another implication is that the brain processes words and numbers in different regions – (11) ______ why some people with brain damage have superb verbal dexterity but cannot count, while others are mathematically brilliant but cannot use words.
A) a task they consistently got right
B) who carried out the research at Columbia University
C) that their monkeys could apply that knowledge
D) you can count on monkeys
E) who worked with them
F) that counting is a cultural phenomenon
G) which may explain
H) in an attempt to disapprove the assertion
I) than being able to count
J) that arithmetic and language evolved separately
K) reported today by the US journal, Science
L) to distinguish images
M) have been taught to distinguish between numbers
Exercise 44
From the interview below, the reporter’s questions have been removed and mixed up. Put them in the correct order. Be careful,one of the questions is not needed. The first one has been done for you.
Reporter: (0) _ G _
Interviewee: Actually, I do very little communication by voice. If I place two or three phone calls a day, it’s a minor miracle.
Reporter: (1) _______
Interviewee: You’re able to process the information you get. You can forward pieces. You can use sections of incoming messages in your outgoing communications. You can store it and retrieve it at will.
Reporter: (2) _______
Interviewee: Yes, if for nothing else because you don’t have to say who you are. You can pretend to be someone else. In the electronic world many types of barriers are dissolved.
Reporter: (3) ________
Interviewee: If I can go into a chat group as a totally different person, it’s clear who I am is not an issue. It isn’t so much that you want be someone else, only that there are a lot of people who prefer to be anonymous.
Reporter: (4) _______
Interviewee: Security and privacy are the most important issues regarding the future of the Internet and cyberspace. The digital world is much more secure and more private than the analogue world, although the press has led people to believe the opposite. But we have to want to keep the digital world secure.
Reporter: (5) ______
Interviewee: For the time being, our process of converting bits into atoms is not very mature. But as it becomes more sophisticated, when we can display holographic images that we can enter, when we develop a tactile interface that we can explore with our senses, the Internet will provide us something that will be almost indistinguishable from the real world.
Reporter: (6) _______
Interviewee: On the contrary, I find this exhilarating. I am a self-proclaimed optimist about the digital age. I’m not going to suggest that there haven’t been any casualties. But they are few and far between. If you think about cyberspace as a nation, it is probably one of the most benevolent nations that has ever existed. It is a place where people believe that information should be free.
A) Does the possibility of such developments frighten you?
B) By pretending to be someone else?
C) Is digital communication a creation of our time?
D) What are the advantages of electronic mail over voice communication?
E) There is a great concern that the things we choose to read and watch or say over the Internet will be monitored in the future, and that we will have less freedom than we have now.
F) The Internet has already altered our conception of time. Will it do the same to our conception of reality?
G) I’m surprised to be talking to you. I’d have expected to be exchanging e-mail messages.
H) Is electronic communication helping to break down human inhibitions?
Answers
Beginner
Exercise 1
1) We live in London.
2) I work in the afternoon.
3) Do you work at night?
4) I start school at eight o’clock.
5) We don’t have school on Saturday.
6) I do my homework from five o’clock to seven o’clock.
7) Tom plays – the drums.
8) I listen to the radio every day.
9) When do you have dinner on weekdays?
10) I go – home at six o’clock.
11) Does Mary get up at five o’clock every day?
12) Joe arrives at the bank at eight o’clock.
Exercise 2
1) You don’t have lunch at half past one.
2) We don’t play tennis on Wednesdays.
3) Jane doesn’t go to work at quarter to seven.
4) They don’t do their homework in the kitchen.
5) My brother doesn’t collect stamps.
6) I didn’t buy a new car yesterday.
7) Fred can’t swim fast.
8) Jack didn’t have dinner at eight on Sunday.
Exercise 3
1) The films were not good yesterday.
2) Were you at school last week?
3) I had a dog when I was a little boy.
4) I didn’t like the film, because/ as it was bad.
5) Yesterday I worked for twelve hours.
6) His brother fell off a house last year.
7) Tom was in bed – last month.
8) I met – Jane on Monday.
9) My father worked in Africa six years ago.
10) Did they take the dog to the vet?
Exercise 4
1) near
2) there
3) it
4) when
5) of
6) has
7) away
8) with
9) made
10) and
11) will
12) but
13) only
14) paid
15) for
Exercise 5
1) of
2) it
3) so
4) there
5) too
6) after
7) some
8) of
9) are
10) me
11) and
12) sometimes
13) out
14) them
15) that
Exercise 6
1) I HAVE got two brothers.
2) HOW old is your mother?
3) I haven’t got Maths ON Tuesday.
4) THERE is a cinema in our street.
5) Where is your father – from?
6) Our house is next TO the river.
7) Can I buy postcards AT the bookshop?
8) They have got a house IN / NEAR our village.
9) HAS Mandy got a pet?
10) I must go TO the toilet.
11) Mandy and Tora are IN France today.
12) Are THERE museums in your town?
Exercise 7
1) Mr Jones is A dentist.
2) Jane gets up AT six o’clock.
3) We are at school IN the morning.
4) They don’t live IN Liverpool.
5) Do you listen TO the radion?
6) They work IN the evening.
7) What do you do in your FREE / SPARE time?
8) I do my homework FROM five o’clock to six o’clock.
9) When do they HAVE /START lunch?
10) Jane watches TV ON / EVERY Saturday.
11) You can buy pens AT the bookshop.
12)THERE is a swimming pool between the café and the cinema.
13) The museum is NEXT to our house.
14) Jane HAS got Science on Monday.
Exercise 8
1) had
2) some
3) of
4) got
5) up
6) other
7) then
8) him
9) quickly
10) somebody
11) such
12) with
13) it
14) if
15) and
Exercise 9
1) middle
2) something
3) towards
4) thought
5) then
6) because
7) of
8) went
9) on
10) had
11) through
12) last
13) that
14) his
15) them
Exercise 10
Yesterday I met my friend, Tom in the street. First he didn’t see me because he was looking at a shop window, but when I stood in front of him, he was very happy.
“What are you doing here? I asked him.
“I’m visiting my cousin. You know, he works at the post office.” He answered.
“And how is your wife?”
“Thanks, she’s OK now. She found a new job last month, and now she earns more than I do.”
“Oh, really? But why did she need a new job? Didn’t she like the office?”
“Two months ago her boss left the company, and they didn’t like each other with her new boss. While she was looking for a new job, she met one of her old school friends, who wanted a new secretary. He gave her the job immediately! Her only problem is that she has to travel three quarters of an hour every day to get to work.”
“But why doesn’t she go to work by car? Didn’t you have two cars when we met last time?”
“Yes, we did. But three weeks ago I had an accident. I was driving home from work when another car crashed into me. I was lucky that I didn’t have to go to hospital, because he was driving at 70 mph.” “You were really very lucky then. I have to go back to work now. It was nice to meet you.”
“Yes, and don’t forget to give us a ring when you’re in Brixton. You must come and visit us.”
“OK, thanks. Bye.”
“Bye.”
Exercise 11
1) Incorrect – (Correct: I want a new car now.)
2) Correct
3) Incorrect – (Correct: This cheese smells very bad.)
4) Correct
5) Correct
6) Incorrect – (Correct: My brother doesn’t like dogs.)
7) Correct
8) Incorrect – (Correct: Are you reading the book “Rich man, poor man”?)
9) Incorrect – (Correct: I don’t [or can’t] hear the TV.)
10) Correct
11) Correct
Exercise 12
1) Which film were you watching when your father came into the room?
2) Does your mother always get up at half past five?
3) We went to see “Star Wars – Episode 1” yesterday, but we didn’t like it.
4) When did you last meet Mary?
5) Were you sleeping while I was talking to you?
6) Does Mandy always listen to her teacher?
7) Look! Where is Jill taking her dog?
8) I opened the door and saw that Tom was washing up.
9) Jane knows that I love her. Then why is she doing this to me all the time?
10) Frank was reading the newspaper when Jane broke the window.
11) Jim broke his arm at school, and the teacher sent him to the hospital, but he didn’t go to the hospital, because he doesn’t like doctors.
Exercise 13
1) always
2) had
3) better
4) to
5) and
6) of
7) around
8) at
9) to
10) all
11) that
12) every
13) her
14) but
15) because
Exercise 14
1) _Does _ your father have breakfast at home?
2) What _are_ those girls looking at?
3) My brother never _sleeps_ in the afternoon.
4) Can Mary _play_ tennis?
5) Tom _doesn’t like_ dogs.
6) Jim _works_ in a factory.
7) We can’t _help_ you.
8) _Is_ Jane having a shower?
9) I _want_ a new car now.
10) Henry _is washing_ his car.
11) _Do you have_ a headache?
12) Where _is Mandy going_?
Exercise 15
1) Do you like Japanese cars?
2) I’m not watching TV now.
3) Where is Jack taking that book?
4) Jane lives in Coventry.
5) We don’t work at night.
6) Does your sister have dinner at home every evening?
7) They believe my story.
8) My brother never drives a car.
9) Do you always do your homework?
10) I don’t write books.
11) They are not playing football now.
12) Jill doesn’t like cats.
Exercise 16
1) Tom was born ON 2nd July.
2) I don’t know anything about – photography.
3) I’m looking forward TO meeting you.
4) They spoke to Jane THE other day.
5) My brother always buys A lot of presents.
6) We met Johnny IN Scotland.
7) I don’t want to go BY train.
8) Do you play THE piano?
9) Please don’t FORGET to give Fred fresh water every day.
10) THERE are a lot of pets in England.
11) I like GOING/ TRAVELLING by plane.
12) I prefer PLAYING tennis to PLAYING football.
13) Not everybody believes IN “Nessie”.
14) We’re going to America IN April.
15) Take the second TURNING on the left.
Exercise 17
1) I usually get up AT six o’clock.
2) How OFTEN do you visit your grandparents?
3) WOULD you like to go to Ireland?
4) The two girls looked at ONE another.
5) How MANY visitors did you have?
6) I finished school a COUPLE of years ago.
7) HOW about taking a bus?
8) John’s father is A doctor.
9) We don’t go to THE cinema very often.
10) My father doesn’t like – cats.
11) I had A farm in Africa.
12) On THE / OUR way to Belgium we stopped twice.
13) We’ve got LOTS of tea.
Exercise 18
1) in
2) at
3) in
4) from – to
5) in
6) on
7) at
8) in
9) in
10) in
Exercise 19
1) in
2) at
3) in
4) to
5) on
6) at
7) to
8) in
9) in
10) at
Exercise 20
1) a house, church or school - building
2) it is built over a river for people to cross – bridge
3) you can keep water in it – bottle
4) all the things you take when traveling – baggage
5) the part of the seashore where you can swim – beach
6) a vehicle you can sit on – bicycle
7) you cover yourself with it in bed – blanket
8) you have it in the morning – breakfast
9) you can put your things in it – bag
10) it’s on your trousers, around your waist – belt
Exercise 21
1) apply - application
2) introduce – introduction
3) agree – agreement
4) arrive – arrival
5) describe – description
6) advertise – advertisement
7) begin – beginning
8) believe – belief
9) discuss – discussion
10) choose – choice
Exercise 22
1) – L)
2) – K)
3) – J)
4) – G)
5) – D)
6) – E)
7) – F)
8) – C)
9) – A)
10) – B)
11) – H)
12) – I)
Exercise 23
History: 2, 3, 6, 12, 15
Maths: 1, 7, 11, 13
Literature: 5, 8, 9, 17, 19, 20
Geography: 4, 10, 14, 16, 18
Exercise 24
1) balcony
2) spoon
3) poem
4) trumpet
5) lazy
6) street
7) bread
8) ham
9) toast
10) beautiful
Exercise 25
(Sometimes more answers can be correct.)
kitchen: 4, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
bedroom: 1, 2, 6, 13, 15, 19
garden: 3, 10, 11, 14, 17
bathroom: 2, 4, 8, 9, 13, 18
study: 2, 5, 6, 7, 13, 15, 20
Exercise 26
Buildings:
1) bank
2) stadium
3) library
4) hospital
5) theatre
things in the kitchen:
1) knife
2) tap
3) sink
4) spoon
5) fridge
Exercise 27
Rubber: 1, 2, 11, 18
Wood: 3, 13, 17, 19, 20
Metal: 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20
Plastic: 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 20
Leather: 1, 2, 6, 9, 12, 15
Glass: 2, 5, 10, 14, 20
Exercise 28
1) waiter/ waitress
2) dentist
3) teacher
4) car mechanic
5) police (man/ woman)
6) doctor
7) architect
8) butcher
9) actor/ actress
10) composer
11) baker
12) plumber
Exercise 29
1) - I
2) – B
3) – L
4) – A
5) – K
6) – F
7) – D
8) – J
9) – H
10) – C
11) – G
12) – E
Exercise 30
1) kitchen
2) bathroom
3) bedroom
4) hall
5) balcony
6) pantry
7) study
8) dining room
9) living room
10) attic
Exercise 31
1) bedroom
2) house
3) wallpaper
4) cellar
5) desk
6) fireplace
7) staircase
8) window
9) doorbell
10) bed
Words beginning with ‘H’.
Exercise 32
1) you have your eyes, nose and mouth here: HEAD
2) you live in it: HOUSE
3) when you’re ill, you go here: HOSPITAL
4) ninety-nine plus one: HUNDRED
5) opposite of love: HATE
6) it can be red, black or brown; old men sometimes don’t have it: HAIR
7) opposite of sad: HAPPY
8) when you want to eat, you’re: HUNGRY
9) when you can’t do something, you need this: HELP
10) sixty minutes: HOUR
Exercise 33
1) We are on HOLIDAY in France.
2) My HUSBAND is a teacher; we got married last year.
3) It’s HALF past six.
4) Put on your HAT; it’s cold outside.
5) This HISTORY lesson is very interesting.
6) He has a strange HOBBY: he collects Belgian beer bottles.
7) This pizza is too HOT; I can’t eat it now.
8) I must go HOME now; my children are waiting for me.
9) We stayed at a very nice HOTEL when we were in Italy last summer.
10) Wash your HAND before dinner, please.
Exercise 34
1 – E
2 – L
3 – H
4 – D
5 – K
6 – D
7 – J
8 – C
9 – G
10 – B
11 – I
12 – F
Exercise 35
1 – G
2 – E
3 – H
4 – J
5 – C
6 – A
7 – K
8 – I
9 – B
10 – L
11 – F
12 – D
Exercise 36
1 – E
2 – I
3 – H
4 – F
5 – B
6 – K
7 – J
8 – G
9 – A
10 – L
11 – D
12 – C
Exercise 37
1 – B
2 – D
3 – A
Sentence ‘C’ is not used.
Exercise 38
The correct order:
7, 2, 6, 1, 4, 8, 5, 3
Exercise 39
1) paper
2) money
3) frightened
4) bag
5) dropped
6) working
7) became
8) faster
9) went
10) crossed
Exercise 40
1) work
2) help
3) asked
4) car
5) bank
6) stay
7) said
8) street
9) thieves
10) returned
11) go
12) pistol
_______________________________________________________________
Intermediate
Exercise 1
1) Michael is said to be very bad-tempered.