Translate the following text into Ukrainian, using the active vocabulary of the unit
FORCE MAJEURE
Force Majeure is a force against which you cannot act or fight. Every contract has a Force Majeure clause. It usually includes natural disasters such as an earthquake, flood, fire, etc. It can also list such contingencies as war, embargo, sanctions. Along with this there are some other circumstances beyond the Sellers' control. The Seller may find himself in a situation when he can't fulfill his obligation under the Contract. It may happen if there is a general strike in the country, a strike of coal-miners, transport workers etc. Production may be suspended if there is a shortage of the energy supply. When negotiating a contract a list of contingencies must be agreed on and put into the Contract. When a lawyer makes up a contract he must not think only of his one-sided interest. He must think in terms of common interest with his counterpart and prove loyalty to his partner.
In case of a contingency the Seller must notify the Buyers of a Force Majeure. The Article of the Contract to this effect may run: "Should, the Seller fail to notify the Buyer of a contingency - the Seller is denied a right to refer to these circumstances". The" Seller is to notify the Buyer of a contingency right away. If it's done in due time the Buyer may take immediate action to protect his interest. He may sign a contract with another supplier on similar terms or if it's impossible he will secure the best possible terms he can have at the moment. If prices are rising he will be quick to act and will do everything possible to negotiate the best price obtainable at the moment.
A Force Majeure must be a proven fact. The Seller is to submit to the Buyer a written confirmation issued by the Chamber of Commerce to this effect. The certificate testifies that a contingency really took place. It describes its nature and confirms its duration.
In a dispute between the Buyer and the Seller not only the fact of a contingency is to be ascertained. The Seller must have evidence that non-execution of a contract or its partial fulfillment is a direct result of a contingency. If it is proved the Seller is not liable and the execution of a contract is postponed until all the after-effects causing damage are eliminated. A natural disaster may last only a few minutes but it'll take a lot of time to recover the loss.
The duration of a Force Majeure is, as a rule, 4 or 6 months. After that the Buyer has a right to cancel the contract. The Seller in this case has no right to claim any compensation for his losses.
SPEAKING TASKS
You are expected to speak for about two-three minutes:
1/. What do you know about forms of business in the UK? (The main classification)
2/. What is a sole proprietor business form ?
3/. What is a partnership business form?
4/. Why is a limited company the most common form of business. What do you know about LC?
5/. Speak about the difference between limited companies and unlimited / nationalized companies?
6/. What are advantages / disadvantages of sole trader / partnership?
7/. What are advantages / disadvantages of limited companies?
8/. What is a contract? What classification for contracts is possible?
9/. What do you know about express/implied/quasi contracts?
10/. What do you know about formal / simple, executed / executory contracts?
11/. What is a breach of a contract?
12/. What is a business contract? What requirements are obligatory for all business contracts?
13/. What are standard clauses and conditions of any business contract?
14/. What do you know about ‘Subject of the Contract’ , ‘Price’, ‘Quality’?
15/. What is the clause ‘Guarantees (Warranties) and Claims’?
16/. What is the clause ‘Contingencies’ (‘Force Majeure’)?
17/. What do you know about ‘Sanctions ( Penalty)’ ?
18/. What do you know about ‘Arbitration’?
SUGGESTED TOPICS FOR STUDENTS’ PROJECT WORK: