The first group includes clauses that name an event as a certain fact. These pure fact-clauses may be terminologically defined as “substantive-nominal”
The second group of clauses also name an event-fact, but, as different from the first group, this event-fact is referred to as giving a characteristic to some substantive entity (which, in its turn, may be represented by a clause or a phrase or a substantive lexeme). Such clauses can be called “qualification-nominal”.
The third group of clauses make their event-nomination into a dynamic relation characteristic of another event or a process or a quality of various descriptions. These clauses are called “adverbial”.
Fig. 152
SEMI-COMPOSITE SENTENCE
The semi-composite sentence is to be defined as a sentence with more than one predicative lines which are expressed in fusion. One of these lines can be identified as the leading or dominant, the others making the semi-predicative expansion of the sentence. The semi-composite sentence displays an intermediary syntactic character between the composite sentence and the simple sentence.
There are two different causes of the existence of the semi-composite sentence in language, each of them being essentially important in itself. The first cause is the tendency of speech to be economical. The second cause is that the semi-composite sentence fulfils its own purely semantic function, different from the function of the composite sentence proper. It is used to show that the events described in the corresponding sentence parts are more closely connected than the events described in the parts of the composite sentence of complete composition. This function is inherent in the structure – it reflects the speaker’s view of reality, his presentation of it.
Semi-composite sentences can be of two types (Fig. 153).
Fig. 153
The semi-compound sentence is a semi-composite sentence built up on the principle of coordination. The structure of the semi-compound sentence is derivationally to be traced back to minimum two base sentences having an identical element belonging to one or both of their principal syntactic positions, i.e. either the subject, or the predicate, or both (Fig. 154). By the process of semi-compounding, the sentences overlap round the identical element sharing it in coordinative fusion, which can be either syndetic or asyndetic.
Fig. 154
The semi-compound sentence of subject coordination is derived from minimum two base sentences having identical predicates, e.g. two subjects relate to one predicate when they are discontinuously positioned, so that the first starts the utterance, while the second concludes it with some kind of process-referred introduction.
The semi-compound sentence of predicate coordination is derived from minimum two base sentences having identical subjects. One of the base sentences becomes the leading clause of complete structure, while the other one is transformed into the sequential coordinate semi-clause (expansion) referring to the same subject.
The semi-complex sentence is a semi-composite sentence built up on the principle of subordination. The semi-complex sentences fall into a number of subtypes (Fig. 155). Their basic division is dependent on the character of predicative fusion: this may be effected either by the process of position-sharing (word-sharing), or by the process of direct linear expansion. The sentences based on position-sharing fall into those of subject-sharing and those of object-sharing.
The sentences based on semi-predicative linear expansion fall into those of attributive complication, adverbial complication, and nominal-phrase complication. Each subtype is related to a definite complex sentence as its explicit structural prototype.
Semi-complex sentences of subject-sharing are built up by means of the two base sentences overlapping round the common subject.
Semi-complex sentences of object-sharing are built up of two base sentences overlapping round the word performing different functions in them: in the matrix sentence it is the object, in the insert sentence it is the subject. The complicator expansion of such sentences is commonly called the “complex object”.
Semi-complex sentences of attributive complication are derived from two base sentences having an identical element that occupies the position of the subject in the insert sentence and any notional position in the matrix sentence. The insert sentence is usually an expanded one.
Semi-complex sentences of adverbial complication are derived from two base sentences one of which, the insert sentence, is predicatively reduced and embedded in an adverbial position of the other one, the matrix sentence.
Semi-complex sentences of nominal phrase complication are derived from two base sentences one of which, the insert sentence, is partially norminalised (changed into a verbal phrase of infinitival or gerundial type) and embedded in one of the nominal and prepositional adverbial positions of the other sentence serving as the matrix. The gerundial phrase is of a more substantive semantic character, the infinitival phrase is of a more processual semantic character. The gerundial nominalisalion involves the optional change of the noun subject into the possessive, while the infinitival nominalisation involves the use of the preposition for before the subject.
Fig. 154
GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS
1. Actional verbs – verbs that express the action performed by the subject, i.e. they present the subject as an active doer.
2. Active voice indicates that the action is directed from the subject or issues from the subject, thus the subject denotes the doer (agent) of the action.
3. Additive morphemes – outer grammatical suffixes.
4. Addressing enclosure (address) – a substantive modifier of the destination of the sentence and hence, from its angle, a modifier of the sentence as a whole.
5. Adverb – a word denoting circumstances or characteristics which attend or modify an action, state, or quality. It may also intensify a quality or characteristics.
6. Adverbial modifier (or the adverbial) – a secondary part of the sentence which modifies another part of the sentence; a quality-modifier (in a broad sense) of a processual part or the whole of the sentence (as expressing an integral process inherent in the reflected event).
7. Adversative coordination joins clauses containing opposition, contradiction or contrast.
8. Adjunct – 1. a qualifying word, phrase, etc., depending on a particular member of a sentence: 2. a secondary word in a junction (0. Jespersen).
9. Agreement takes place when the subordinate word assumes a form similar to that of the word to which it is subordinate.
10. Allomorph – a concrete manifestation of a morpheme, a variant, an alternative of a morpheme.
11. Allo-term – a variant language unit actualized in a concrete speech string.
12. Analitical grammatical forms – forms that are built up by a combination of at least two words, one of which is a grammatical auxiliary (word-morpheme), and the other – a word of “substantial” meaning.
13. Apposition – a part of the sentence expressed by a noun or nominal phrase and referring to another noun or nominal phrase (the headword), or sometimes to a clause. The apposition may give another designation to, or description of the person or non-person, or else put it in a certain class of persons or non-persons.
14. Aspect – a linguistic representation of the objective category of manner of action.
15. Aspective grammatical meanings – differential grammatical meanings describing the inner character of the verbal process in terms of its beginning, duration, iteration, termination, or its instantaneous, supercompleted, undercompleted character, etc.
16. Aspective semantics – semantics describing the inner characteristics of the verbal process; it can be expressed lexically or grammatically.
17. Attribute – a secondary part of the sentence which characterizes person or non-person expressed by the headword either qualitatively, quantitatively, or from the point of view of situation; a quality-modifier of a substantive part.
18. Auxiliary verbs – verbs that constitute grammatical elements of the categorial forms of the verb.
19. Bicomplementive verbs – verbs taking two complements.
20. Binary opposition – an opposition consisting of two counter-members.
21. Bound morpheme – a morpheme that cannot form a word by itself.
22. Case – a nounal category showing the relation of the referent to some other referent.
23. Causative-consecutive coordination joins clauses connected in such a way that one of them contains a reason and the other – a consequence.
24. Common gender nouns – nouns able to actualize either masculine or feminine gender properties of the referent depending on the context.
25. Complementary distribution – relation of formally different morphs having the same function in different environments.
26. Complementive verb – a verb taking an obligatory adjunct, a verb having an obligatory valency.
27. Complex sentence – a sentence with a minimal composition of two clauses, one is the basic element, whereas the other is a constituent or part of the first.
28. Composite sentence – a sentence consisting of two or more clauses.
29. Compound sentence – a sentence consisting of two or more clauses of equal rank which form one syntactical whole in meaning and intonation.
30. Consecutive phrase – a phrase based on logical domination of one member over another.
31. Continuous morpheme – an uninterrupted string of phonemes building up a morpheme.
32. Contrastive distribution – relations of different morphs in the identical environment.
33. Coordinative phrase – a phrase based on coordination and consisting of elements of equal rank.
34. Coordination – syntagmatic relations of independence; a way of linking grammatical elements to make them equal in rank.
35. Copulative coordination implies that the information conveyed by coordinate clauses is in some way similar.
36. Covert morpheme – an implicit morpheme, i.e. a morpheme having no explicit representation in the actual expression.
37. Cumulative phrase – a phrase whose elements are not equal in rank.
38. Declarative sentence – a sentence that contains a statement which gives the reader or the listener some information about various events, activities or attitudes, thoughts and feelings.
39. Dependent grammatical meaning – the meaning of a subclass within the same part of speech.
40. Derivational – referring to the formation of language units.
41. Derivational suffix – a suffix which may be followed by other suffixes (W.N. Francis).
42. “Descriptive” plural – the plural form of the noun having a pronounced stylistic colouring due to the usage of the uncountable noun in the function of the countable noun.
43. Diachronic – dealing with study of language changes over a period of time.
44. Dicteme – an elementary topical unit fulfilling the functions of nomination, predication, topicalization, stylization (M. Blokh).
45. Differential feature – distinctive feature of a categorial form.
46. Direct object – an object that is joined to the verb “directly”, without a preposition.
47. Discontinuous morpheme – a morpheme built up of an interrupted string of phonemes.
48. Disjunctive coordination – coordination that implies a choice between two mutually exclusive alternatives.
49. Distribution – the contextual environment of a language unit.
50. Dominational phrase – a phrase based on the relationship of the modifier and the modified.
51. Elliptical sentence – a sentence in which one or more word-forms in the principal positions are omitted.
52. Eme-term – a generalized invariant language unit.
53. Enclosure –
54. Equipollent opposition – an opposition whose members have different positive categorial features.
55. Equipotent phrase – a phrase based on logical succession of elements having an equal rank.
56. “Evaluative” adjectives – adjectives that actually give some qualitative evaluation to the substance referent.
57. Explicit grammatical meaning – grammatical meaning that is always marked morphologically – it has its marker.
58. Extended sentence – a sentence that contains various optional elements (including attributes, certain kinds of prepositional objects and adverbial modifiers).
59. Finite verb – a verb explicitly expressing predication on the basis of the categories of tense and mood, verb of complete predication.
60. Finitude – a lexico-grammatical category that divides the verb into finite and non-finite forms.
61. Formal criterion (form) provides for the exposition of the specific inflexional and derivational (word-building) features of all the lexemic subsets of a part of speech.
62. Formative phrase – a phrase consisting both of notional and functional verbs.
63. Free morphemes – morphemes that can build up words by themselves.
64. Function – special purpose of a unit, its ability to serve a certain aim; sometimes equivalent to some abstract syntactic meaning.
65. Functional criterion (function) – the syntactic role of words in the sentence typical of a part of speech.
66. Functional part of speech – a part of speech having a partial nominative value.
67. General grammatical meaning – the meaning of the whole word-class, of a part of speech.
68. Genitive case – a term in grammar marking possession and analogous relations in the case system of Latin and other inflected languages.
69. Gerund – the non-finite form of the verb which combines the properties of the verb with those of the noun, serving as the verbal name of a process.
70. Government – a kind of concord in which one term controls or selects the form of the partner.
71. Gradual opposition – an opposition whose members are characterized by the expression of a certain degree of one and the same categorial feature.
72. Grammatical categories – the most general notions reflecting the most general properties of phenomena; systems of expressing generalised grammatical meanings by means of paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms.
73. Grammatical form – a unity of form (i.e. material factor) and meaning (i.e. ideal factor).
74. Grammatical meaning – the most general meanings rendered by language and expressed by systemic correlations of word-forms; the meaning of the whole class or a subclass.
75. Grammatical system – the whole set of regularities determining the combination of naming means in the formation of utterances as the embodiment of thinking process.
76. Hypotaxis – subordination.
77. Imperative sentence – a sentence that expresses a command which conveys the desire of the speaker to make someone, generally the listener, perform an action.
78. Impersonal uncomplementive verbs – verbs mostly expressing natural phenomena of the self-processual type, i. e. natural processes going on without a reference to a real subject.
79. Implicit grammatical meaning – grammatical meaning that is not expressed formally.
80. Indicative verbal forms – verbal forms expressing the categorial meanings of the indicative mood and describing the denoted action in terms of absolutive time.
81. Infinitive – the non-finite form of the verb which combines the properties of the verb with those of the noun, serving as the verbal name of a process.
82. Inflectional suffix – a suffix which must always come at the end of the morpheme groups to which they belong.
83. Inner inflexion – phonemic (vowel) interchange.
84. Interjectional enclosure – a speaker-bound emotional modifier of the sentence.
85. Interrogative sentence – a sentence that contains a question.
86. Intransitive verbs – verbs incapable of taking a direct object.
87. Junction – relationship of two elements which is so close that they may be considered to be one composite name for what might in many cases just as well have been called by a single name (0. Jcspersen)
88. Language proper – a collective body of knowledge, it is a set of basic elements.
89. Lexeme – word taken as an invariant unity of form and meaning.
90. Lexical meaning – the individual meaning of the word.
91. Lexical morphemes – roots of words.
92. Lexical system – the whole set of naming means of language, that is, words and stable word-groups.
93. Limitive verb – a verb expressing a potential limit in the development of the denoted action.
94. Link-verbs – verbs introducing the nominal part of the predicate.
95. Modality – the way in which proposition is modified in lei ins of reality/non-reality (possibility. necessity, desire, obligation, belief, hope, hypothesis, etc.). It shows the relation of the nominative content to reality (M. Blokh).
96. Monocomplementive verbs – verbs taking one object-complement.
97. Mood – the category of the verb that expresses the attitude of the speaker or writer towards the content of the sentence, whether the speaker considers the action real, unreal, desirable, necessary, etc.
98. Morph – a repeated segment of phonemic string; a combination of phonemes that has a meaning which cannot be subdivided into smaller meaningful units (W.N. Francis).
99. Morpheme – the smallest meaningful part of a word expressing a generalized, significative meaning. It's a group of allomorphs that are semantically similar and in complementary distribution.
100. Morphology – a brunch of grammar that deals with the internal structure of words, peculiarities of their grammatical categories and their semantics.
101. Multitude plural – a type of oppositional reduction consisting in the use of the absolute plural with countable nouns in the singular form which concerns collective nouns.
102. Neutralization – a type of oppositional reduction by which a neutralized language unit becomes fully functionally identified with its counter-member.
103. Nominal sentences – those in which the principal part is expressed by a noun.
104. Non-contraslive distribution – relations of different morphs having the same function in the identical environments.
105. Non-limitive verb – verb not expressing a potential limit in the development of the denoted action.
106. Notional verbs – verbs of full nominative value.
107. Number – the linguistic representation of the objective category of quantity,the category that shows whether the action is performed by one or more than one persons or non-persons.
108. Object – a secondary part of the sentence referring to some other part of the sentence completing, specifying, or restricting its meaning; a substance-modifier of a processual part (actional or statal).
109. Objectivity – the ability of a verb to take an object of any kind.
110. Objective verb – a verb taking an object of any kind (direct, indirect, prepositional).
111. Obligatory relations – relations that are indispensable for the existence of the syntactic unit as such.
112. Oblique verbal form – the form of a verb which expresses the categorial meanings of irreality.
113. Opposition – correlation of categorial forms having a certain function.
114. Oppositional reduction – the process of curtailing an opposition of categorial forms.
115. Optional relations – relations that may or may not be actually represented in the syntactic unit.
116. Outer inflexion – outer grammatical suffixation.
117. Overt morpheme – an explicit morpheme, not zeroed.
118. Paradigm – the ordered set of grammatical forms expressing a categorial function.
119. Paradigmatic – based on the principles of similarity.
120. Paradigmatic relations – relations that exist between elements of the system outside the strings where they co-occur.
121. Parataxis – coordination.
122. Parenthetical enclosure – a detached speaker-bound modifier of any sentence-part or the whole of the sentence.
123. Part of speech – a class of words distinguished by a particular set of lexico-grammatical features.
124. Participle – a non-finite form of the verb with some adjectival and adverbial features, serving as the qualifying-processual name.
125. Particle – a functional part of speech which actualizes limiting and specifying meanings.
126. Passive voice indicates that the action is directed towards the subject. Here the subject expresses a person or non-person who or which is the receiver of the action.
127. Person – the category that expresses the relation of the action and its doer to the speaker, showing whether the action is performed by the speaker (the 1st person), someone addressed by the speaker (the 2nd person) or someone/something other than the speaker or the person addressed (the 3rd person).
128. Personal verb – a verb which agrees with a subject denoting the doer of the action.
129. Personal uncomplementive verbs – uncomplementive verbs normally referring to the real subject of the denoted process (which subject may be either an actual human being, or a non-human being, or else an inanimate substance or an abstract notion)
130. Phoneme – the smallest constituent of a word having no meaning but fulfilling the function of differentiating morphemes.
131. Phonological system – the subfoundation of language; it determines the material (phonetical) appearance of its significative units.
132. Phrase – a compound signemic unit made up of words and denoting a complex phenomenon of reality analysable into its component elements together with various relations between them.
133. Phraseme – a combination of two or more words as a representative of the corresponding language level phrase, word- group, word-grouping, syntactic syntagma.
134. Pluralia Tantum nouns – nouns having only the plural form.
135. Predicate – the second main part of the sentence and its organizing centre, as the object and nearly all adverbial modifiers are connected with, and dependent on, it; a process-modifier of the subject-person.
136. Predication – the act of referring the nominative content of the sentence to reality (M. Blokh).
137. Predicative complementive verbs – link-verbs.
138. Prefix – a term in word-formation for an affix added at the beginning of a word or base to form a new word.
139. Primary word – a chief word defined by another word (O. Espersen).
140. Primary predication – predication expressed in a sentence which has as its predicate a finite form of the verb.
141. Privative opposition – an opposition based on the principle of presence/absence in its counter-members of one and the same feature.
142. Proposeme – a language unit expressing a thought.
143. Processual verbs – verbs expressing neither actions, nor states, but “processes”.
144. Qualitative adjectives – adjectives that denote properties of a substance directly.
145. Qualitative adverbs – adverbs expressing immediate, inherently non-graded qualities of actions and other qualities.
146. Quantitative adverbs – words of degree.
147. Quaternary opposition – an opposition consisting of four counter-members.
148. “Reciprocal” voice – a kind of verbal meaning of the action performed by the subjects in the subject group on one another.
149. “Reflexive” voice – a kind of verbal meaning of the action performed by the subject upon itself.
150. Relational verbs – verbs expressing different relations.
151. Relative adjectives – adjectives that describe properties of a substance through some relation.
152. “Repetition” plural – a specific plural form of the noun which acquires a pronounced stylistic marking due to the repetition of the noun in the singular.
153. Replacive morpheme – a morpheme built up on the basis of root (or vowel) interchange; usually a root vowel that replaces another in a categorial form.
154. Retrospective coordination – establishing relation between the given action and some prior action or moment
155. Root – the element left after all affixes have been removed from a complex word, carrying the basic lexical meaning of the word.
156. Secondary predication – predication expressed by potentially predicative complexes with non-finite forms of the verb and verbal nouns
157. Segmental morpheme – a morpheme made up by phonemes.
158. Semantic criterion (meaning) – the evaluation of the generalised meaning, which is characteristic of all the subsets of words constituting a given part of speech.
159. Semi-bound morphemes – morphemes that look like words but behave like inflexional morphemes.
160. Semi-complex sentence – a semi-composite sentence built up on the principle of subordination.
161. Semi-composite sentence – a sentence with more than one predicative lines which are expressed in fusion.
162. Semi-compound sentence – a semi-composite sentence built up on the principle of coordination.
163. Semi-notional words – words which have a complete nominative meaning but fulfil syntactic functions typical of functional words.
164. Semi-predicative construction – a construction made up by a non-finite form of the verb and a substantive.
165. Sentence – the immediate integral unit of speech built up of words according to a definite syntactic pattern and distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose.
166. Singularia Tantum nouns – nouns having only the singular form.
167. Speech proper – the result of using the language, the result of a definite act of speaking.
168. Statal verbs – verbs denoting the state of their subject; they either give the subject the characteristic of the inactive recipient of some outward activity, or else express the mode of its existence.
169. “Specificative” adjectives – adjectives that only point out corresponding native property of the substance referent.
170. Stative – a part of speech that denotes a temporary state of a person or a non-person.
171. “Strong” (“marked”, “positive”) member of the opposition – the member in which the differential feature is present.
172. Subject – one of the two main parts of the sentence; a person-modifier of the predicate.
173. Subjunct – a tertiary word in a junction (O. Espersen).
174. Subordination – syntagmatic relations of dependence; a way of linking grammatical elements that makes one of them dependent upon the other (or they are mutually dependent).
175. Suffix – an affix added at the end of a word, base or root to form a new word or form of the word.
176. Suppletivity – the formation of word-forms from different roots.
177. Supra-segmental morphemes – such morphemes as intonation contours, accents, pauses (in distributional terms).
178. Syntactic meaning – the way in which separate word meanings are combined to produce meaningful word-groups and sentences.
179. Syntactic form – the distributional formula of the unit (pattern).
180. Syntactic function – the function of a unit on the basis of which it is included to a larger unit.
181. Syntactic position – the position of an element.
182. Syntactic relations are syntagmatic relations observed between syntactic units.
183. Synchronic – referring to a certain stage in the development of a phenomenon; coexistent.
184. Syntagma (syntactic) – a word-group consisting of two or more notional elements.
185. Syntagmatic – connected on a linear basis.
186. Syntagmatic relations – immediate linear relations between units in a segmental sequence (string).
187. Syntax – a brunch of grammar that deals with the rules governing combination of words in sentences (and texts in modern linguistics).
188. Synthetical grammatical forms – forms that are realised by the inner morphemic composition of the word.
189. System – a structured set of elements connected by a common function.
190. Tense – a verbal category that reflects the objective category of time, the category that expresses the relationship between the time of the action and the time of speaking.
191. Ternary opposition – an opposition consisting of three counter-members.
192. Topicalization – 1. process whereby knowledge of certain things/individuals is “foregrounded”, i.e. taken from long-term memory stores to some working memory, in which the established information may be combined with the incoming new information (T.A. van Dijk); 2.the formation of the informative content of text (M. Blokh).
193. Transformation – transition from one syntactic pattern to another syntactic pattern with the preservation of its notional parts
194. Transitivity – the ability of a verb to take a direct object.
195. Transitive verbs – verbs capable of taking a direct object.
196. Transposition – the use of a language element in the contextual conditions typical of its oppositional counter-member by which it fulfils two functions simultaneously.
197. Uncomplementive verbs – verbs that do not require any complements.
198. Unextended sentence – a sentence that contains two main positions of the basic pattern, that of the subject and the predicate.
199. Unlimitive verbs – verbs presenting a process as not limited by any border point.
200. Valency – the ability of a language unit to take an adjunct, potential combinability of a language unit.
201. Verbals – non-finite forms of the verb; the forms of the verb intermediary in many of their lexico-grammatical features between the verb and the non-processual parts of speech.
202. Verbal sentences – those in which the principal part is expressed by a non-finite form of the verb, either an infinitive or a gerund.
203. Verbs of double aspective nature verbs that are capable of expressing either a “terminative” or “non-terminative” (“durative”) meaning depending on the context.
204. Voice – the grammatical category of the verb showing the direction of the process as regards the participants of the situation reflected in the syntactic construction.
205. “Weak” (“unmarked”, “negative”) member of the opposition – the member in which the differential feature is absent.
REFFERENCES
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15. Смирницкий А.И. Морфология английского языка / А.И. Смирницкий. – М., 1959.
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17. Тер-Минасова С.Г. Словосочетание в научно-лингвистическом и дидактическом аспектах / С.Г. Тер-Минасова. – М.,1981.
18. Штеллинг Д.А. Грамматическая семантика английского языка. Фактор человека в языке / Д.А. Штеллинг. – М., 1996.
19. Хлебникова И. Б. Оппозиции в морфологии / И.Б. Хлебникова. – М., 1969.
20. Blokh M. Y. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar / M.Y. Blokh. – M., 2000.
21. Blokh M. Y. Theoretical English Grammar. Seminars / M.Y. Blokh. – M., 2004.
22. Burchfield R. The English Language / R. Burchfield. – London, 1985.
23. Ilyish B. The Structure of Modern English / B.A. Ilyish. – L., 1971.
24. Jespeson O. The Philosophy of grammar / O. Jespeson. – London, 1924.
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
Данное учебно-практическое пособие адресовано всем, кто изучает теоретическую грамматику и преподает ее. Материал изложен в соответствии с учебной программой по курсу «Теоретическая грамматика английского языка». Данное пособие знакомит студентов с грамматическим строем изучаемого языка, раскрывает существующие проблемы в области морфологии и синтаксиса (проблемы частей речи, их классификации, грамматические категории частей речи, проблемы, связанные со словосочетанием, предложением).
Главная задача, которую ставила перед собой автор, – максимально облегчить усвоение учебного материала курса теоретической грамматики английского языка. Практика показывает, что данный предмет вызывает у студентов значительные трудности, особенно на начальном этапе и во время подготовки к экзамену.
Нетрадиционный способ организации ученого материала в предлагаемом пособии, на взгляд автора, позволяет преодолеть многие трудности при усвоении материала. Мы стремились построить пособие таким образом, чтобы к нему можно было обращаться на любой стадии учебного процесса. Структура пособия призвана минимизировать затраты времени и сил при подготовке к лекционным и практическим занятиям, к зачету или экзамену.
В пособии изложены основные понятия и категории теоретической грамматики английского языка, представление о которых должно помочь студентам в более полном и всестороннем анализе грамматических явлений. Глубинный комплексный анализ поможет подлинному пониманию как теоретической, так и практической грамматики английского языка, отучит студентов от шаблонного мышления и заучивания материала, научит самостоятельно мыслить, проводить анализ различных грамматических явлений с целью извлечения наиболее полной информации об их грамматическом значении и функциях, выбирать наиболее оптимальную методику анализа, доказательно излагать свою позицию.
Базовые понятия теоретической грамматики собраны в кратком словаре лингвистических терминов. Отношения между ними, принципы их выделения и классификации представлены в виде таблиц и схем, которые позволяют не только быстро усвоить, но и легко запомнить и воспроизвести материал. Безусловно, такой способ подачи материала заставляет упрощать или опускать те или иные особо сложные вопросы, однако без ущерба для понимания основ теоретической грамматики.