Exercise 10. Составьте предложения исходя из ситуации по образцу
Образец: We began singing. After an hour Mike came. – We had been singing for an hour when Mike came.
1) They started playing cards. After half an hour Pete rang up.
2) Liz and Paul went to live to London. A year later their daughter came to see them.
3) The children started playing hide-and-seek. After about 20 minutes Jack joined them.
4) We started preparing for the party. Half an hour later the taxi came.
5) They drove for two hours. Then they stopped.
6) He worked in this school for 5 years. Then he changed his job.
7) He walked for two hours. Then we understood that we had taken the wrong road.
Exercise 11. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Indefinite, Past Perfect или Past Perfect Continuous.
1) He (to work) there some time when that dreadful accident (to happen).
2) He told us they (to live) in this district since they had left Paris.
3) The poor woman complained she (to have) trouble with her eldest son for a long time.
4) They (to walk) in the garden for an hour when the storm broke out.
5) When we (to come) home, we (to find) that someone (to break) into the garage and (to steel) the car.
6) The young girl who (to look) at me ever since I had come into the room, suddenly rose and left.
7) By that time they already (to sleep) for two hours.
8) We were informed she (to learn) better since her parents (to have a talk) with her teacher.
Exercise 12. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в Future Perfect Continuous.
1) By next year we (to live) in this city for four hours.
2) When Ann gets her diploma she (to study) at the University for 5 years.
3) When Sam gets his driving license he (to drive) his car for three months.
4) By next term we (to read) this novel for two months.
5) Pete (to work) in this company for 10 years by next year.
Exercise 13. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в соответствующем времени группы Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect или Perfect Continuous.
1) When morning came, the storm already (to stop), but the snow still (to fall).
2) Yesterday by 8 o’clock he (to finish) all his homework, and when I (to come) to his place at 9, he (to read).
3) We could not go out because it (to rain) hard since early morning.
4) Ring me up as soon as you (to come) home.
5) He (to begin) to write his composition at 3 o’clock. It is already 11, and he still (to write) it. He says he (to finish) it by 12.
6) Our train starts late in the evening, so if you (to come) at 7 o’clock, we still (to pack) our luggage.
7) Don’t enter the bedroom! The child (to sleep) there, and he always (to wake) up when somebody (to open) the door.
8) Where is your luggage? – I (to leave) it at the station. I (to take) it tomorrow when Nick (to come) to help me.
9) I (to read) about an hour when he (to come).
10) Yesterday I (to buy) a new pair of gloves, as I (to lose) the old ones.
Раздел 8. Great Britain (Великобритания)
Лексика:
Текст
Great Britain
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands: Great Britain and Ireland, and about 5 thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244,000 square kilometers.
The United Kingdom consists of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are: London, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast.
The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. Also Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called Highlands. The south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called the Lowlands. Mountains are not very high. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343 m).
There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, and the Thames is the deepest and the most important one. The climate of the British Isles is mild and the weather is very changeable. Mountains, The Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles. The summers are cool and rainy; the winters are not very cold.
The UK is one of the world’s smaller countries. Its population is over 57 million. About 80% of population is urban. The official language of the country is English.
The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding.
The UK is a constitutional monarchy. In law, the head of the state is the Queen. In practice, the Queen reigns, but doesn’t rule. The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
Раздел 9. My studies (учеба)
Лексика:
Слова по теме
to study at college of the Moscow Academy of Finance and Law – учиться в колледже МФЮА
to study at college of the Russian University of Innovations – учиться в колледже РУИ
to be a full-time student – учиться очно
to study by correspondence – учиться заочно
to study in the second year – учиться на втором курсе
to study at the Department of Management ( Law, Economics and Accounting, Finance, Programming) – учиться на факультете «Менеджмент» ( «Правоведение», « Экономика и бухучет», «Финансы», «Программное обеспечение ВТ и АС»)
to have two terms a year – иметь два семестра в год
an examination period – сессия
to take exams and credits – сдавать экзамены и зачеты
to study such subjects as – изучать такие предметы как
a key subject – главный предмет
a curriculum – курс обучения
theoretical courses – теоретические курсы
tutorials – практические занятия
to have lectures and seminars – иметь лекции и семинары
compulsory subjects – обязательные предметы
optional subjects – факультативные предметы
according to the time-table we have… - в соответствии с расписанием у нас…
to be conducted by experienced tutors – проводиться опытными преподавателями
to have practice – проходить практику
a vocational training – профессиональная подготовка
under the guidance of – под руководством
a superior on practice – руководитель по практике
skills and habits – навыки и умения
extra-curricular activities – внеучебная работа
to have an interesting social life – иметь интересную общественную жизнь
Грамматика:
Страдательный залог.
Если подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, совершающий действие, то глагол употребляется в форме действительного залога.
Например:She reads the book. – Она читает книгу.
Если же подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, подвергающийся действию со стороны другого лица или предмета, то глагол употребляется в форме страдательного (пассивного) залога.
Например:The book is read by her. – Книга читается ей.
Формы страдательного залога английских глаголов образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия II (Participle II) смыслового глагола.
| Indefinite | Continuous | Perfect | |
| Present | am is +V(3ф) are | am is +being+V(3ф) are | have +been+ V(3ф) has |
| Past | was +V(3ф) were | was +being+V(3ф) were | had+been+ V(3ф) |
| Future | shall +be+V(3ф) will | - | shall +have+been+ V(3ф) will |
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not,которая ставится после (первого) вспомогательного глагола.
Вопросительная форма в страдательном залоге образуется путём переноса (первого) вспомогательного глагола на место перед подлежащим.
Употребление времён в страдательном залоге соответствует правилам употребления соответствующих времён в действительном залоге. Времена группы Perfect Continuous, а также Future Continuous не употребляются в страдательном залоге.
Перевод глаголов в страдательном залоге на русский язык.
1) Глаголом быть + краткая форма причастия страдательного залога.
Например: The letter was sent yesterday. – Письмо было послано вчера.
2) Глаголом с частицей –ся(-сь).
Например: This problem was discussed last week. – Эта проблема обсуждалась на прошлой неделе.
3) Неопределённо-личным оборотом, т.е. глаголом в действительном залоге 3-го лица множественного числа, типа «говорят», «сказали».
Например: English is spoken in many countries. – На английском говорят во многих странах.
4) Глаголом в действительном залоге (при наличии исполнителя действия).
Например: Pupils are taught at school by the teachers. – Учеников учат в школе учителя.
Если позволяет контекст и русская грамматика, одну и ту же страдательную конструкцию можно перевести двумя или тремя вышеуказанными способами.
Преобразование предложений
из действительного залога в страдательный.
При Преобразовании предложений из действительного залога в страдательный необходимо помнить следующее:
1) глагол в страдательном залоге ставят в том же времени, что и в действительном. Лицо и число может меняться, так как меняется подлежащее.
Например: I read newspapers in the evening. – Я читаю газеты вечером.
Newspapers are read in the evening. – Газеты читаются вечером.
2) дополнение в действительном залоге будет подлежащим в страдательном и наоборот.
Например: They build new houses in our street. – Они строят новые дома на нашей улице.
New houses are built in our street. – На нашей улице строятся новые дома.
3) если в предложении действительного залога имеется два дополнения, то любое из них может быть подлежащим в страдательном залоге. При этом дополнение, выраженное местоимением в косвенном падеже, ставится в действительном залоге в именительном. Местоимение, указывающее на носителя действия в страдательном залоге, ставится в объектном падеже.
Например: Nick gave me an interesting book. – Ник дал мне интересную книгу.
An interesting book was given to me. – Мне дали интересную книгу.
I was given an interesting book. - Мне дали интересную книгу.
4) дополнение с предлогом by в страдательном залоге часто опускается, если оно выражено личным местоимением.
Например: He showed me a picture. - Он показал мне картину.
A picture was shown to me (by him). – Мне показали картину.
Упражнения для закрепления грамматики:
Exercise 1. Определите время сказуемого и переведите предложения на русский язык (если это возможно – несколькими способами).
1) Newspapers are delivered regularly.
2) Miss Andrews will be observed closely while she is in hiding.
3) On a dish fresh vegetables were arranged. He was impressed.
4) Fried potatoes are often eaten with fish.
5) Progress is being made all the time.
6) She said sharply that his plays had not been performed.
7) The letters were being sorted out.
8) Our papers will have been checked by tomorrow.
Exercise 2. Сделайте предложения отрицательными и задайте все возможные вопросы.
1) Fifty students were admitted to the faculty last August.
2) I have been woken up by the noise in the street.
3) He was given a form to fill in.
4) The tea will not be served till 5 because of the conference.
5) She was greeted very warmly.
6) Two men were arrested after the robbery.
7) My colleague will be sent to London to lecture on Russian history.
8) Wait a little, your papers are being looked through.
9) French is spoken in France and Canada.
10) This television programme is watched mostly by teenagers.