Exercise 1. Переведите предложения. Проанализируйте употребление модальных глаголов в следующих предложениях
1) Who is to answer my question?
2) Nobody could translate this text.
3) He has to do this task at once.
4) Must I attend this meeting? – No, you needn’t.
5) You should have shown your notes to the teacher.
6) I asked him, but he wouldn’t listen to me.
7) They should have visited her, she was in the hospital.
8) Last summer we would often go to the country.
9) Your son could do this work himself.
10) Would you tell me the way to the station?
11) Your friend might have informed us.
12) May I leave for a while? – Yes, you may.
13) She should be more attentive to her parents.
14) You needn’t come so early.
Exercise 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) We have to stay at home.
2) He was allowed to take this book.
3) Who is able to do this work?
4) He had to leave for Moscow earlier.
5) We are to take exams in June.
6) Are they allowed to visit you?
7) They were able to do this work in time.
8) I’ll be able to pass my examinations.
9) She’ll be allowed to watch TV.
10) I have to come in time.
11) The train is to come soon.
12) Will you be able to drive a car?
Exercise 3. Замените модальные глаголы соответствующими эквивалентами.
1) He couldn’t explain anything.
2) You must not stay here.
3) Can you read?
4) You may take these books.
5) They can run quickly.
6) She might work in our room.
7) Who can read this text?
8) They must go there tomorrow.
9) May I go to the cinema?
10) We must meet at 7 o’clock.
Exercise 4. Вставьте необходимые модальные глаголы.
1) I …not go to the theatre with them last night, I …revise the grammar rules and the words for the test.
2) My friend lives a long way from his college and … get up early.
3) All of us …be in time for classes.
4) When my friend has his English, he … stay at the office after work. He (not) …stay at the office on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday and …get home early.
5) …you …work hard to do well in your English?
6) “…we discuss this question now?” – “No, we …We…do it tomorrow afternoon.”
7) I’m glad you …come.
8) “…you …come and have dinner with us tomorrow?” – “I’d love to”
9) “Please send them this article.” – “oh, …I do it now?”
Exercise 5. Заполните пропуски соответствующими модальными глаголами.
1) They … not do this work themselves.
2) You … take my dictionary.
3) You don’t look well, you …consult the doctor.
4) Why … I give you my money?
5) She … not speak any foreign language.
6) He … to help them, they need his help.
7) … you tell me the time?
8) … I go with you? - No, you…
9) Your daughter …have told about it.
10) In winter we …often skate.
11) You … not miss your classes.
12) … you play the piano before?
Exercise 6. Переведите предложения.
1) This bad weather should be explained by deep cyclone.
2) This building should have been constructed a year ago.
3) The letter should have been sent long ago.
4) The control work should have been finished before the end of the lesson.
5) We shouldn’t have bought that car.
Раздел 11. My Native Town (Мой родной город)
Лексика:
Текст
Kirov
The city of Kirov is the centre of the Kirov region. The Kirov region is in the North-East of Moscow. The climate is continental with long and snowy winters and warm summers. The region is rich in forests, which cover more than half of its territory. The most advanced industries are house-building, machine-building, production of furniture, plywood and matches. The region is rather large and consists of 39 districts. There are 18 small towns in Kirov region. Slobodskoy, for example, is one of the most ancient towns. It was founded many centures ago and it is of special interest to tourists. There you can see ancient wooden buildings, stone cathedrals and churches.
Kirov is old and modern at the same time. On the one hand it is one of the old Russian cities. It was founded in 1374 on the bancs of the Vyatka river. Its ancient name was Kchlynov. In 1780 the town was called Vyatka. It was a small provincial town with dirty narrow streets and small wooden houses. It was a place of exile for many outstanding people. Among them were famous democratic writers: Hertsen, Saltycov-Shchedrin, Korolenco, architect Vitberg. The Vyatka land gave birth to many great sons of Russia. Among them are: artists Vasnetsovs, singer Shalyapin, writer Alexander Grin, marshal Konev and other outstanding public figures. But in 1934 the town was given a new name. It was named after the revolutionarist S.M. Kirov (Kostricov) who was born in the small town Urzhum, Kirov region.
But, on the other hand, today Kirov is quite a big modern town. It is situated on the Vyatka river. They say, the town stands on 7 hills. Now its population is rather large. Over 600 thousand inhabitants live in Kirov. The longest street in our town is the October prospect. The oldest center of Kirov is the Lenin Street. The town is divided into 4 residential areas. Every district has schools, kindergartens, hospitals, shops and department-stores.
There are many wide and narrow streets and quite a lot of squares in Kirov. The most beautiful streets are Moskovskaya Street, Karl Marx Street, Karl Liebknekht Street, Alexander Grin Embankment and others. The heart of the city is the Theatre Square. It is difficult to say, that the architecture of our town is modern. Certainly, there is a lot of fashionable buildings, shops, restaurants and offices in the town. But in the streets you can see many old buildings as well. The town is especially beautiful in the evening when there is a lot of traffic lights everywhere. But the traffic in the evening is not so heavy as it is in the afternoon. In the afternoon the town is very vivid, with a lot of cars, lories, buses and trolley-buses running along the roads and with a lot of people walking along the pavements. There are no trams and underground in Kirov.
Kirov is an important industrial and economic center. Such brunches of industry as machine-building, furniture production, light industry and food industry are highly-developed in Kirov. There is a great number of modern industrial enterprises in it. Such machine-building enterprises as the plant «Avitek»and the plant «Lepse», the furniture factory «Styling», the Artificial Leather plant, the Biochemical plant, some shoe and clothes making factories and others. There are many different firms and companies, banks and offices in Kirov.
Kirov is also a scientific and educational center. There are many schools, colleges, technical and vocational schools, institutes and universities. Kirov is a town of students, because the number of educational establishments grows with every year. The most famous are the Medical Academy, the Pedagogical University, the Technical University and the Agricultural Academy.
Kirov may be called a great cultural centre. There are many cinemas and theatres, museums and libraries, Palaces of Culture and exhibition halls in Kirov. The Drama Theatre and the Theatre in Spasskaya Street, for example, are very popular with the Kirovites. Those, who are fond of films, may go to such cinemas as «Druzhba», «Kolizey», «Smena» and some others. Children of the town always have an opportunity to see an interesting performance at the Puppet theatre or a funny show-programme at the Circus. People, who are fond of music, can enjoy concerts of their favourite singers in the Palaces of Culture or in the Philarmonic Concert Hall. The art-lovers may go to the Museum of Regional Studies which is situated in Lenin Street. It shows the development of the region. The Vyatka land is rich not only in history but also in traditions. In the halls of the Art Museum and in its Exhibition Hall one can see pictures of many famous Russian artists and a fine collection of Dymkovo toys.
Kirov has a lot of places of interests. Sorry to say, there are no ancient castles and beautiful palaces in Kirov. But all the Kirovites are proud of the Trifonov Monastery. There are also some churches in Kirov. Today many of them are getting restored. Certainly, they make Kirov more beautiful and add much to the beauty of town. Besides, every guest of the city usually tries to visit the Theatre Square, which is situated near the Drama Theatre. The square is famous with its fountain. Many people like to walk along the square and to spend time there. And, of course, as any other city or town Kirov has quite a number of monuments, which are of special interest to tourists. So, if one goes sightseeing around the town, he will learn a lot of interesting facts about the town, about its history and its people. One can also buy Vyatka souveniers: caskets and boxes made of wood, hand-made laces, clay toys from Dymkovo, wooden dolls-matryoshkas and other things.
Раздел 12. Business English (Основы делового английского)
Лексика:
1. Making a phone call – Как позвонить.
Как принять звонок:
Hello. – Алло.
Yes. – Да.
Hello, Jane Spencer speaking. – Здравствуйте, говорит Джейн Спенсер.
Good morning, John Smith here. – Доброе утро, Джон Смит у телефона.
Hello, 856 45 52. – Алло, это номер 856 45 52.
Как начать разговор:
Hello, is that John? – Алло, это Джон?
Hello, is Mary there? – Алло, есть ли Мэри?
Is that 856 45 52? – Это номер 856 45 52?
Could I speak to Caroline, please? – Я могу говорить с Каролиной?
I’d like to speak to Kate Marlow, please. – Я бы хотел говорить с Кейт Мерлоу, пожалуйста.
May I speak to the director? – Могу я поговорить с директором.
Просьба представиться:
Who’s calling, please? – Кто звонит?
Can I have your name, please? – Скажите пожалуйста, как вас зовут?
Как представиться:
This is Mr. Brown (from…). – Это мистер Браун (из…).
Peter Hammond speaking. – Говорит Питер Гаммонд.
Соединение:
Just a moment, please. – Минутку, пожалуйста.
Wait a minute, please. – Подождите минуту, пожалуйста.
Hold on, please. – Подождите пожалуйста (оставайтесь на связи).
Hold the line, please. - Подождите пожалуйста (оставайтесь на связи).
I’ll put you through. – Я Вас соединяю.
Отсутствие человека, которому звоним:
I’m sorry, John is not at home at the moment. – К сожалению, сейчас Джона нет дома.
I’m afraid he is not in. – Боюсь, что его нет.
I’m sorry, he has just gone out. – К сожалению, он только что вышел.
Как оставить и передать сообщение:
Would you like to leave a message? – Вы бы хотели оставить сообщение?
Can I take a message? – Что-нибудь передать?
Could I leave a message? – Я могу оставить сообщение?
Yes, could he call me back? – Да, он мог бы мне перезвонить?
No, thank you. I’ll call back later. – Нет, спасибо. Я перезвоню позже.
Трудности в связи:
The number is busy. – Номер занят.
The line is engaged. – Линия занята.
There is no answer. – Никто не отвечает.
The line is out of order. – Линия не работает.
I’m sorry, I’ve dialed the wrong number. – Извините, я набрал неправильный номер.
I’m afraid you’ve got the wrong number. – Боюсь, вы неправильно набрали номер.
I can hardly hear you. – Я едва вас слышу.
I can’t hear a word. – Я не слышу ни слова.
There is some noise. – Какой-то шум.
Your voice is fading from time to time. – Твой голос пропадает время от времени.
Could you speak a bit louder (slower), please. – Не могли бы вы говорить немного громче (медленнее).
Oh, it’s better. – Так лучше.
Put down a receiver. – Положите трубку.
I’ll ring you once again. – Я перезвоню вам.
Are you there? – Вы меня слышите?
Слова:
A dial – диск телефонного аппарата;
A directory – справочник, телефонная книга;
A phone box – телефонная будка;
A phone card – телефонная карта;
A phone number – телефонный номер;
A receiver – телефонная трубка;
A mobile phone – мобильный телефон;
A cellular phone – сотовый телефон;
An answering machine – автоответчик;
A standard payphone – таксофон на монеты;
A card phone – автомат на телефонные карточки.
2. Reserving a room at the hotel –Заказ номера в отеле
- Hello. Northern Star Hotel. Can I help you?
- Yes. I’d like to reserve a single room with bathroom, for three nights, from Wednesday, the 12th of February, to Friday, the 14th of February, inclusive.
- Let me see… Yes, sir. A single room for three nights with English breakfast, is that right?
- Yes, that’s right.
- What is your name, please?
- It’s for Mr Klimenko.
- Could you spell it, please?
- Yes, of course. K-L-I-M-E-N-K-O.
- Thank you, sir.
- Shall I send a deposit?
- No. It isn’t necessary, sir.
- Thank you very much.
3. At the Hotel – В отеле
- Good evening, sir. What can I do for you?
- Good evening. I have a room reserved at your hotel.
- What is your name, please?
- Klimenko.
- Just a moment. I’ll check. … Yeah. A single room with private bath and English breakfast for three nights. Is that right, sir?
- Yes, that’s right.
- Just sign the register … Thank you. Here’s your key. Room three-o-seven, it’s on the third floor. The lift is over there. I’ll have your things sent up.
- Thank you. What time is breakfast?
- Any time between 7 and 9.30. Where are you going to have your breakfast, sir? In your room or in the restaurant?
- I’d rather have it in my room.
- What time, sir?
- At 8 o’clock.
- O.K. Anything else, sir?
- I’d like to eat here this evening. When is the restaurant closing?
- At 9.30, so you’ve got two hours to have your dinner, sir.
- Fine. Thank you.
4. At a passport and customs desk – У стола таможенного и паспортного досмотра
- Your passport, please. How long are you planning to stay in the country?
- Three weeks. Could I prolong my entrance visa in case of necessity?
- Sure. The receiving party shall take care of it. Can you put your bags on the table, and your customs form, please.
- How much do they weigh?
- 23 kilos. I’m sorry, but you’ll have to pay an excess luggage charge.
- Oh! It’s only three kilos overweight.
- Yes, sir…that’s ₤6… Thank you. Have you anything to declare?
- Pardon?
- Alcohol, cigarettes, fresh fruit, plants …?
- Uh, no.
- Open your suitcase, please. Any gifts?
- Only one bottle of vodka.
- All right. It’s duty free. As you probably know, it’s forbidden to bring in more than two bottles of alcohol and two blocks of cigarettes to England. And no limitations as to currency. Here’s your form.
- Thank you.
- Not at all. Next, please.
Тексты
Accounting
Accounting appeared with the human civilization hundreds years ago. Nowadays the registration plays a great role in a company's management as it forms the information about the financial and economic activity of this or that company. All the economic operations that have the finance measure are reflected in the system of accounting.
Accounting uses its specific methods, such as: counts, double note, balance and others. According to the bookkeeping the accounts are composed. These accounts are used by tax and finance organs, auditors and lawyers and banks. Bookkeeping should control those people who are in charge of finance.
An accountant is to be a very skillful specialist. He must be good at such things as: documentary, inventarization, calculating, analysis and other operations.
Accountant's job is very interesting but difficult and stressful. As a person with many responsibilities, an accountant has to deal with a lot of problem solving. Besides, an accountant is responsible for finance. An accountant must be a competent specialist. He must be honest, well-educated, well-informed, tactful.
Manager’s Duties
Manager is a person who manages resources of a company on different levels to achieve company’s goals.
Normally a company has 3 levels of management: lower, middle and upper (or executive). Traditional functions of a manager are: planning, organizing and controlling.
Upper managers coordinate the activity of all departments.
Middle-level managers run the departments. So, there are sales managers, production managers, development managers and so on. For example a financial manager is in charge of finance. A personnel manager recruits new workers and employees.
Lower-level managers organize the work of teams. They are team leaders. They check the working process and are responsible for its quality.
A manager’s job is very interesting but rather difficult and stressful. As a person with many responsibilities, a manager has to deal with a lot of problem solving and decision making. A manager should be able to conduct negotiations, to conclude agreements, to arrange appointments with partners. Besides, every day a manager deals with people. That’s why he must be honest, well-bread, well-educated, well-informed, communicative and tactful. A manager should be also good at economics, statistics and accounting. And, of course, a manager must have management and computer skills. In a word, a good manager must be a competent specialist.