IV. Complete the following sentences and translate them into Russian
1. The activity of creation present or future utility__________________________.
2. The 3 principal means of increasing production are ______________________.
3. Concentrating efforts on a particular set of tasks_________________________.
4. The concept of specialization refers to_________________________________.
5. The concept of division of labour refers to_____________________________.
6. Specialization and the division of labour reduce/increase__________________.
7. The law of comparative advantage determines__________________________.
8. It is beneficial to specialize in_______________________________________.
9. Even developing countries can find a niche for their products______________.
V. Match the words and their definitions.
1) production a) concentration on the production
of particular things
2) equation b) quality of being useful
3) utility c) putting money into
4) specialization d) amount of output produced per unit of input
5) investment e) statement of equality between two expressions by the
sign (=)
6) utility f) goods, articles of trade
7) technology g) the quality of being useful
8) techniques h) money, property, etc. given to provide income
9) endowment i) method of doing something
10) commodities j) goods to produce other goods
11) capital goods k) application of knowledge to practical tasks in
industry
VI. Say whether the following statements are true or false.
1. Production can be represented in the forms of a figure. 2. It's difficult to describe production in the forms of a mathematic equation. 3. There are four principle means of increasing production. 4. Specialization is a drawback in the development of economics. 5. The term "division of labor" is closely related to specialization. 6. The law of comparative advantage states which goods individuals should produce.
7. Each country can find a niche for its products even a low productivity one.
VII. Answer the following questions.
1. How can production be defined? 2. What are the principle means of increasing production? Name them all. Why are they so important? 3. When does specialization occur? 4. Why is it considered to be the basis of trade? 5. What are some American states specialized on? 6. How is the concept of division of labor related to specialization? 7. What are advantages and disadvantages of specialization and the division of labor?
8. How does the law of comparative advantage work?
VIII. Two ReportsCompare the accident report form and the memo. Talk about these questions. 1. What is the difference in the content of the two? 2. What is the difference in style?
ACCIDENT REPORT FORM
1/8/2011
Dear Bob,
I thought you should know that we've had a few problems on the night shift. I'm afraid that one of the lads has caught his arm in a machine. He went off to hospital —but it's nothing too serious. He's made a mess of the machine, though, I'm afraid. I had to shut the line down for a couple of hours, so we lost a fair amount of production last night. We followed all the procedures, so there's nothing to worry about but I'll talk you through it when I get back to word this evening.
Alf
MEMORANDUM
Date 1.8.2011
From Bob Russell, Factory Manager
To Cynthia Pryth, Production Controller
REF: Accident on production line
I have been informed that there was an accident at the factory last night involving a worker and one of our machines. The man in question was taken to hospital, although I understand that he was not seriously hurt. However, the machine was damaged and, as a result, the production line had to be shut down for two hours with a corresponding loss of production. I have been assured that proper health and safety procedures were followed, but I am, of course, investigating the incident to see if any lessons can be learnt.
Comparing Styles.
Look at these pairs of phrases from the two documents.
1. a. I thought you should know…
b. I have been informed that…
2. a. I had to shut the line down for a couple of hours.
b. The production line had to be shut down for two hours.
3. a. We followed all the procedures, so there's nothing to worry about.
b. I have been assured that proper health and safety procedures were followed.
In each case, Bob Russell has used the passive rather than the active form of the verb. This moves the focus of the sentence from the subject to the object.
v Why do you think Bob Russell has done this? Here are a few ideas:
- He wants to give an official impression. - He wants to make it less personal or more formal. - He doesn't know who the subject of the sentence was. (Or at least he wants to give that impression!)