IV. Выучите следующие слова. Проанализируйте и переведите текст. fiber [`faIbq] n – волокно
fiber [`faIbq] n – волокно
viscosity [vIs`kOsItI] n – вязкость, текучесть
modest [`mOdIst] a – скромный, умеренный
substitute [`sAbstItjHt] n – заменитель
invade [In`veId] v – захватывать, вторгаться
deterioration [dI`tIqrIq`reISn] n – ухудшение, износ
humidity [hH`mIdItI] n – влажность, сырость
succeed [sqksJd] v – преуспевать, достигать цели
durability [,djuqrq`bIlItI] n – долговечность, прочность
fragile [frxGaIl] a – хрупкий, недолговечный
regularity [,regju`lxrItI] n – регулярность
sequence [sJkwqns] n – последовательность, ряд
link [lINk] n – звено
considerably [kqn`sIdqrqblI] adv – значительно
scheduled [`Sedjuld] a – запланированный, намеченный
essential [I`SenSql] a – неотъемлемый, существенный
limb [lIm] a – конечность
surgery [`sWGqrI] n – хирургия
remains [rI`meInz] n – остатки
non-ferrous [`nOn`ferqs] а – цветной
water treatment [`wOtq`trJtment] - очистка воды
pharmaceutical [,fRmq`sjHtIkql] a – фармацевтический
enterprise [`entqpraIz] n – предприятие
ion-change [aIqnIks`CeInG] a – ионообменный
smoke [smqVk] n – дым
mist [mIst] n – туман
POLYMERS
We know polymers to be the dynamic part of industry, particularly plastics and fibers. Just where polymer volume will end up is not certain now. Their use promises to have a continuous growth.
A polymer is a substance consisting of molecules and characterized by its viscosity, color and by its softening points.
Synthetic polymers, which made a rather modest appearance at the turn of the century as substitutes for some costly materials, have now invaded all branches of industry, agriculture, household needs, medicine and even art.
Our country is paying a great deal of attention to the synthetic industry, and research is under way on a wide scale for development of new materials, and improving the properties and extending the application of polymers.
A prime concern of researches and engineers is to improve the quality of mass produced goods.
The so-called “aging” of materials is a result of deterioration in the properties of polymers owing to chemical and physical changes caused by the effect of light, heat and humidity in operation. We believe many institutes and laboratories to be conducting research for preventing these processes.
Another way of improving the quality of polymers is to subject two or more components to polymerization.
The resultant product combines the most valuable properties of the initial substances. We know the Institute of Chemical Physics and other research institutions to have developed a series of methods for doing this and among other things to have succeeded in increasing the durability of polystyrene, which is generally fragile.
The properties of polymer products depend not only on chemical composition but also on the structure of individual molecules. Regularity of sequence in the links which comprise the chain molecule of a polymer considerably improves the properties of the material.
Chemists after many years of research have established that the properties of polymers are largely determined by the pattern of their big molecules A study has been made of possible variants of structural patterns of different polymers and of ways of developing required structures. This has opened up the possibility foe developing substances with scheduled properties.
Polymers reach to new fields of application every day. In medicine they have become essential to the manufacture of artificial limb, artificial blood vessels, are used in surgery. Added to certain medicines, polymer groups can regulate the time medicine remains in the organism. Polymer materials are used in the production of medical instruments and apparatuses.
Ion-exchange polymer resiss are applied in the technology of chemical and pharmaceutical enterprises, in sugar production, water treatment, non-ferrous metallurgy, etc.
We believe very soon polymer smokes and mists to help us to control the climate and weather.
Half a century is not long in the history of civilization. Synthetic polymers are still young, and they have a big future.
UNIT VII