IV. Linguistic Analysis of the Text
Now I’d like to describe more specifically the translation process itself.
First of all I paid attention to abbreviations. The most interesting cases of translating abbreviated words are shown in the Table 1.
Table 1
ABBREVIATIONS
| ABBREVIATION | TYPE OF FORMING | TRANSLATION |
| LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) | Letter abbreviation | ЛСД |
| VA (Veterans Health Administration) | Letter abbreviation | Госпиталь ветеранов |
| L. A. (Los Angeles) | Letter abbreviation | Лос-Анджелес |
| IBM (International Business Machines) | Letter abbreviation | Международные бизнес-машины |
| Boots Pharmacy Ltd. (Limited) | Shortened word | ООО Аптека «Бутс» (Общество с ограниченной ответственностью) |
| USS (United States Ship) | Letter abbreviation | Американское судно |
| CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) | Letter abbreviation | ЦРУ (Центральное разведывательное управление) |
| Apple corp. | Shortened Word | Корпорация «Эппл» |
| Hi-tech (High technology) | Shortened Word | Хай-тек (Высокие технологии) |
There are a lot of phrases in the text which contain attributes consisting of two or three words. The most widespread types of these combinations are shown in the Table 2.
Table 2
Compound words
| WORD | TYPE OF COMPOUND | TRANSLATION |
| Adjective+adjective | Chinese-Mexican | мексиканец китайского происхождения |
| Noun+adjective | world-historical | мировая история |
| Noun+past participle | sun-starved moss-covered bug-eyed long-haired | нехватка солнечного света покрытый мхом с вытаращенными глазами длинноволосый |
| Noun+noun | сarmakers Movieland | автопроизводители мир кинематографа |
| Nouns consisted of three words | Prankster-Apple-Beatle | Проказо-Эппл-Битлы |
| know-it-all | всеосведомленность | |
| Adjective consisted of three words | out-of-town | загородный |
| Other combinations | start-ups | стартапы |
Term is a name, expression or word used especially in a specialized field of knowledge. I found some terms in the book. The results of translating them are summarized in Table 3.
Table 3
TERMS
| TERMS | TRANSLATION |
| redwood | секвойя |
| graduate student | выпускник |
| faculty | факультет |
| economist | экономист |
| sociologist | социолог |
| quartet | квартет |
| semimythological | почти мифологический |
| novelist | романист |
| screenwriter | сценарист |
| transactional | трансакционный |
| transcendence | трансцендентность |
| psychic | психогенный |
| manuscript | рукопись |
While translating the text I found some borrowings orloan wordsfrom different languages. Some examples taken from the text are shown in Table 4.
Table 4
BORROWINGS
| WORD | ORIGIN | TRANSLATION |
| Athlete | Greek | Спортсмен |
| Gypsy | Greek | Цыган |
| History | Greek | История |
| Idea | Greek | Идея |
| Metropolis | Greek | Столица |
| Rendezvous | French | Встреча |
| Existencialistas | French | Экзистенциалисты |
| Bungalow | Bengali | Бунгало |
| Moniker | Gaelic | Название |
| Graffiti | Italian | Граффити |
| Opera | Italian | Опера |
| Studio | Italian | Студия |
| Bongo | Congo | Бонго |
| Сompanero | Mexican | Компаньон |
| Lechon | Mexican | Виски |
I also found some borrowings from Latin language, they are called Latinisms. Some examples are presented in the Table 5.
Table 5
LATINISMS
| LATIN WORD | TRANSLATION |
| Et cetera | И так далее |
| Superbo | Зануда |
| Pharmacy | Аптека |
| Circus | Цирк |
| Genius | Гений |
| Junior | Младший |
| Picture | Картина |
| Religion | Религия |
| Senior | Старший |
| Silence | Тишина |
| Series | Сериал |
| Uniphorm | Униформа |
In the process of translation I came across a range of false friends of translator or “faux amis”. These are pairs of words or phrases in English language that look or sound similar to Russian, but they are translated differently, for example:
Table 6
FAUX AMIS
| WORD | TRANSLATION |
| Novel | Роман (не только «новелла») |
| Decade | Десятилетие (не «декада») |
| Intelligence | Ум (не «интеллигенция») |
| Nation | Страна (реже «нация») |
| Manner | Образ действий (не только «манера поведения») |
| Local | Местный (не только «локальный») |
| Magazine | Журнал (не «магазин») |
| Focus | Внимание (не «фокус») |
| Actually | На самом деле, в действительности (не «актуально») |
| Familiar | Знакомый (не «фамильярный») |
| Department | Структурное подразделение (не только «департамент») |
| Effect | Результат, влияние (реже «эффект») |
| Original | Первоначальный (не только «начальный») |
| Major | Главный, старший (не «майор») |
The original text contains a great deal of geographical and proper names. When translating them I had to pay attention to their interpretation. Several examples of this process are represented in the Table 7 and Table 8.
Table 7
GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES
| ENGLISH | RUSSIAN | METHOD OF TRANSLATION |
| La Honda | Ла Хонда | Transliteration |
| Santa Cruz Mountains | горы Санта-Крус | Transliteration + semantic translation |
| San Francisco | Сан-Франциско | Transliteration |
| Seattle | Сиэтл | Transcription |
| Perry Lane | Перри-лейн | Transcription |
| Menlo Park | Менло Парк | Transliteration |
| La Junta, Colorado | Ла Хунта, Колорадо | Transliteration |
| Puerto Vallarta | Пуэрто Валларта | Transliteration |
| Pacific coast | побережье Тихого океана | Semantic translation |
| Flecha Amarilla | Флэча Амарилла | Transcription |
| Guadalajara | Гвадалахара | Transliteration |
Table 8
PROPER NAMES
| PROPER NAME | METHOD OF TRANSLATION | TRANSLATION |
| Ken Kesey | Transcription | Кен Кизи |
| Faye | Transcription | Фэй |
| Thorstein Veblen | Transliteration | Торстейн Веблен |
| Stanford | Transcription | Стэнфорд |
| the battle of Lake Peipus | Semantic translation | Ледовое побоище |
| Alexander Nevsky | Transliteration | Александр Невский |
| Shannon | Transcription | Шэннон |
| Zane | Transcription | Зэйн |
| Jed | Transcription | Джед |
| Roland Kirk | Transcription | Роланд Кёрк |
| Ravi Shankar | Transliteration | Рави Шанкар |
| Beethoven | Transliteration | Бетховен |
| Ken Babbs | Transcription | Кен Бэббс |
| Neal Cassady | Transcription | Нил Кэссади |
| Dean Moriarty | Transcription | Дин Мориарти |
There are some names of companies, magazines, streets, books, movies, etc. in the text. According to the rules of translation of these names I used different techniques and the results of this work are shown in the Table 9.
Table 9