Употребление Past Simple Tense
Past Simple употребляется:
1. Для выражения прошедшего действия с таким обозначением времени, как yesterday вчера, last week на прошлой неделе, an hour ago час тому назад, at six o’clock в шесть часов, the other day на днях, on Monday в понедельник, in 1997 в 1997 году, during the war во время войны и т.п.
e.g. I spoke to him yesterday. - Я говорил с ним вчера.
Время совершения действия может быть выражено также придаточным предложением:
e.g. I saw him when I was in Leningrad. - Я видел его, когда был в Ленинграде.
Время совершения действия может, однако, и не быть указано в предложении, а подразумеваться:
e.g. I bought this book in Leningrad. - Я купил эту книгу в Ленинграде (подразумевается: когда я был в Ленинграде).
2. Для выражения ряда прошедших действий, передаваемых в той последовательности, в которой они происходили:
e.g. He came home, had dinner, read the newspaper and began to do his lesson. - Он пришел домой, пообедал, прочел газету и начал делать уроки.
3. Для выражения обычного, повторяющегося прошедшего действия:
e.g. Last year I went to theatre every week. - В прошлом году я ходил в театр каждую неделю.
Степени сравнения имён прилагательных
| Односложные и некоторые двусложные прилагательные | Положительная степень | Сравнительная степень | Превосходная степень |
| (+ -er) | (+ -est) | ||
| tall – высокий thin – тонкий happy - счастливый | taller – более высокий thinner – более тонкий happier – более счастливый | the tallest – самый высокий the thinnest – самый тонкий the happiest – самый счастливый | |
| Многосложные прилагательные | comfortable – удобный difficult - трудный | more (less) | the most (the least) |
| more comfortable – более удобный less difficult – менее трудный | the most comfortable – самый удобный the least difficult – наименее трудный | ||
| Прилагательные, образующие степени сравнения от разных корней | good – хороший bad - плохой little - маленький much - много many - много far - далекий old - старый | better - лучше worse - хуже less - меньше more - больше farther – дальше (о расстоянии) further – дальше (о времени) older - старше elder – старший (в семье) | the best – самый лучший the worst – самый плохой the least – наименьший the most – больше всего the farthest – самый дальний the furthest – самый дальний the oldest – самый старый the eldest – самый старший (в семье) |
С прилагательными в превосходной степени всегда употребляется определенный артикль (даже если после него нет существительного):
e.g. This book is the most interesting. – Эта книга самая интересная
В положительной степени сравнения употребляются союзы as … as такой же как, not so … as – не такой, … как.
e.g. This room is as large as that one. – Эта комната такая же большая, как та комната.
В сравнительной степени употребляется союз than – чем.
e.g. Boris is taller than Nick. – Борис выше, чем Ник.
Степени сравнения наречий
| Односложные наречия | Положительная степень | Сравнительная степень | Превосходная степень |
| (+ -er) | (+ -est) | ||
| soon – скоро late – поздно hard - усердно | sooner – скорее later – позднее harder – усерднее | soonest – скорее всего (всех) latest – позже всего (всех) hardest – наиболее усердно | |
| Наречия, образованные от прилагательных при помощи суффикса - ly | quickly – быстро attentively - внимательно | more (less) | the most (the least) |
| more quickly – быстрее less attentively – менее внимательно | most quickly – быстрее всего (всех) least attentively –невнимательнее всего (всех) | ||
| Особая группа наречий | well - хорошо badly - плохо little - мало much - много | better - лучше worse - хуже less - меньше more - больше | best – лучше всех (всего) worst – хуже всех (всего) least – меньше всех (всего) most – больше всего |
Для сравнения наречий используются те же способы, что и для сравнения прилагательных:
e.g. I speak English as well as Nick (does).
I speak English not so well as Nick (does).
Nick speaks English better than I (do).
Во избежание повторения ранее упомянутого глагола вместо него употребляется вспомогательный глагол do / does.
1. Use the verb “to be” in Past Simple Tense:
1. Three years ago I … a student of the University. 2. Last summer I … in England. 3. Tom read a lot of books when he … at school. 4. Two hundred years ago our town … just a small village. 5. Several years ago they … married. 6. We … here yesterday.
II. Put the following irregular verbs in Past Simple Tense:
To begin, to break, to bring, to buy, to catch, to drink, to eat, to get, to know, to make, to read, to see, to speak, to take.
III. Comment on the use of the Past Simple Tense:
1. I watched television yesterday. 2. They didn’t rest yesterday. 3. Yesterday he had a holiday. He didn’t go to the office. He got up at eleven o’clock, washed his face, had breakfast and went for a walk. 4. He doesn’t like coffee. But yesterday he drank a cup of coffee as he was very tired. 5. They were in London last month. 6. When did you leave the meeting yesterday? 7. I saw him when I was in Kiev. 8. I bought this book in Kharkov. 9. He came home, had dinner and began to do his lessons. 10. Last year I went to the theatre every week.
IV. Make the following sentences interrogative and then negative:
1. Mr. Smith fixed his car yesterday morning. 2. She studied English two years ago. 3. Yesterday I came home from university at half past eight. 4. We enjoyed swimming in the ocean last weekend. 5. One of her brothers made a tour of Europe last summer. 6. The students translated the text “Northern Ireland” last week. 7. Our group prepared a good report about historical places in the Crimea last week. 8. A monitor forgot to inform the students of his group about meeting yesterday.
V. Open the brackets using the verbs in Past Simple Tense:
1. I (to see) Mike at the party the other day. 2. He (to meet) Kate there and (to fall) in love with her at first sight. 3. Yesterday I (to be) on duty and (to come) home from school later than usual. 4. Now my brother doesn’t smoke but he (to smoke) before. 5. The weather is nice today, but yesterday it (to be) bad. 6. I (to walk) quickly because I (to feel) cold. 7. It (to seem) impossible for him to win, but he (to win). 8. I usually sleep well, but last night I (not to sleep) at all. 9. It (to take) me half an hour to get to the station. 10. When you (to write) to your parents last time?
VI. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:
1. Почему ты не пришел вчера в университет? – Вчера я чувствовал себя плохо. 2. Что они делали в воскресенье? – Они ходили на прогулку. 3. Я не смог позвонить ей, потому что не знал номера её телефона. 4. Они построили этот дом в прошлом году, но не живут в нем. 5. Тебе понравилась вчерашняя телепередача? – Я не смотрела вчера телевизор. 6. Студенческий клуб КГМТУ принял участие в концерте, посвященному Дню Города. 7. Студенты технологического факультета прослушали лекцию о вреде курения. 8. Староста группы посетил организационное собрание вчера. 9. Заведующий кафедрой выступило на учёном совете. 10. Все студенты КГМТУ принимали активное участие в субботнике вчера.
VII. Choose the right variant and retell the dialog:
Bill: I gather they (make/made) some mistakes in the power-point presentation.
John: The line graph (showed/shown) the year-to-date sales figures, but the pie chart (didn’t give/didn’t gave) the market share. However, the flow chart (deal with/ dealt with) the order process well.
Bill: Did the sales manager put/ putted the new representatives on the organization chart?
John: Yes, it (were/was) very clear. We also (seen / saw) the plans and the blueprint they (chose / choose) last week for the new sales outlet.
Bill: Did you (understand / understood) the polar graph?
John: Not much! To sum up, sales (fell / falled) because of a new competitor.
VIII. Form the comparative and superlative from the following adjectives:
1. Shot, long, wide, dirty, clean, dark, thick, dry, weak, tall, strong, heavy, big, cold.
2. Beautiful, careful, dangerous, interesting, expensive, comfortable, difficult, hopeful, strange.
3. Good, bad, far, old, little.
IX. Translate from Russian into English:
a) word combinations:
старый друг, старший сын, самая длинная дорога, более трудный пример, самый умный студент, самая светлая аудитория, более сложный текст, более красивая девушка, младший брат, лучший день.
b) sentences:
1. Это длинная дорога. Это более длинная дорога. Это самая длинная дорога. 2. Он хороший студент. Он лучший студент. Он самый лучший студент. 3. Студенты выполнили трудное упражнение. Студенты выполнили более трудное упражнение. Студенты выполнили самое трудное упражнение. 4. Ник прочитал интересную книгу. Миша прочитал более интересную книгу, чем Ник. Саша прочитал самую интересную книгу. 5. Моя комната в общежитии очень удобная. Его комната удобнее. Её комната самая удобная.
X. Use the appropriate form of the adjective given in brackets:
1. Kiev is one of (large) cities in the world. 2. Education brings people (close) to each other. 3. Our lecturer lives in (far) of our town. 4. A foreign language helps to know the native language (good). 5. Where is (near) library? 6. This student is (tall) in our group. 7. These are our (short) holidays. 8. Your test paper is (bad) that mine. 9. This is (expensive) book of them all. 10. It is (cold) here than in Kyiv.
XI. Fill in the blanks using as … as, not so … as, than:
1. The climate of the Ukraine is not … cold … that of Siberia. 2. The weather is not … bad … I had expected. 3. He doesn’t drive … careful … she. 4. In winter days are shorter … nights. 5. Spring here is more pleasant … autumn. 6. The building of our University is … old that of yours. 7. You speak English … fast … I do. 8. This book is not … interesting … that one. 9. Your classroom is … light … mine. 10. My brother’s English is not … good … Nick’s.
XII. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Английский язык не труднее французского. 2. Кто лучший студент в вашей группе? 3. Сегодня у нас меньше занятий, чем вчера. 4. Иностранный язык помогает лучше знать свой язык. 5. Английский язык – один из наиболее важных языков в современном мире. 6. Система высшего образования представлена университетами и институтами. 7. Мы получаем больше знаний об этом мире с помощью образования. 8. Я читаю также много книг, как и ты. 9. Эта аудитория не такая светлая, как ваша. 10. Экзаменационная сессия – самое напряженное время у студентов. 11. Многие студенты считают самым трудным предметом математику. 12. Сегодня у вас самая интересная лекция.
XIII. Form the adverbs from the following adjectives by adding suffix –ly. Translate them into Russian:
Shaky, rosy, greedy, clumsy, busy, pretty, happy, angry, shy, dry, complete, nervous, clever, absolute, real, strange, free, uncomfortable, polite, careful, wonderful.
XIV. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adverbs:
Heavily, hard, gaily, fast, cheerfully, politely, late, shyly, far, dryly, peaceably, happily.
XV. Use the correct form of the adverbs in brackets:
1. I suppose actions speak (loud) than words. 2. She spoke very (sadly) and (slowly). 3. He works (little) than I do. 4. Sasha knows English literature (well) than Kate does. 5. I work (hard) than my brother does. 6. We like pop music (well). 7. They know mathematics (badly) than we do.
XVI. Translate the adverbs in brackets into English:
1. He could (едва) speak. 2. The geologist dag too (глубоко) to find oil. 3. He will be here at ten (ровно). 4. He spoke (резко) to the students to go into the auditorium. 5. Her eyes opened (широко). 6. It is (широко) known that Alex is the best sportsman in our town. 7. It is (весьма) probable that they are in the Crimea now.
XVII. Open the brackets using adjective or adverb:
1. She speaks English (perfect / perfectly). 2. He speaks (perfect / perfectly) English. 3. When I saw Emma for the last time, she looked (unhappy / unhappily). 4. They got married and lived (happy / happily). 5. Dean bought a new house and was very (happy / happily) about it. 6. Ann looked at me (sad / sadly) and said that she had no money. 7. The news was (surprising / surprisingly). 8. I’m (terrible / terribly) sorry. I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings. 9. He spoke so (quick / quickly), that I (hard / hardly) understood what he wanted. 10. Kate is a (careful / carefully) driver. 11. I want to talk to you (serious / seriously). 12. Nick has a (serious / seriously) problem. We must help him.
Additional task
1. Read the text and find answers to the following questions:
1) In which country is this city located?
2) What is the population of the city?
3) Who was the founder of the city?
Singapore
Singapore is a thriving city-state lying in Asia almost on the equator. Singapore consists of 63 islands, covering the area of about 680 square kilometers. Its population is almost four million. Singapore is known as the city of steel, concrete, and glass. But still, western modernity here combines with eastern culture. There are lots of skyscrapers and also many buildings marked as national monuments for their historical value. The city is green and there are lots of palms and mango trees. It is extremely hot in Singapore throughout the year, and the humidity is very high, so most of the buildings have air conditioners.
The city is famous for a great number of museums specializing on history, art and what not in Singapore there are fascinating areas of Little India, Chinatown, Arab Street, and others. Along the Singapore River there are several quays which offer entertainment year round, in green and friendly atmosphere.
The name of the city derives from the local folklore and means "the lion city". There are a lot of statues and figures of a lion — the symbol of the city. The most famous such statue is called the Merlion. It is about nine meters high and consists of a lion head and a fish body. The lion head symbolizes the legend about discovering the city. The fish body symbolizes Singapore's beginnings as a fishing village.
Singapore is a main shipping center. At the port there are hundreds and thousands of containers and oil-tankers. Nowadays Singapore's economy is highly developed. Together with South Korea, Hong Kong and Taiwan, Singapore was one of the four “Asian Tigers”. Developed economy of the city makes it one of the most expensive cities in Southeast Asia.
II. How are citizens of the city called?
| G | E | N | S |
How are citizens of the country called?
| G | E | N | S |
III. Make up sentences with the following words and word combinations:
| Sport ground | Venue |
| Stadium | Play off |
| Domestic championship | National competition |
| Sports facilities | Marathon |
| Sporting event | Soccer league |
| Gymnasium | Casual sporting activities |
| Aquatics center | Speed trials for motorcycles |
IV. Learn about sister-cities and write down the country:
Singapore doesn’t have a sister-city.
V. Make up your own dialogues using the following questions about Singapore:
a) Is Singapore a city?
b) What can you say about architecture in Singapore?
c) When did Singapore's era start?
d) What is the main attraction for tourists in Singapore?
e) Why is Singapore called an “Asian Tiger”?
f) Where is the Boat Quay situated?
g) How did Singaporeans pay tribute to Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles?
UNIT 6
I. Read and translate the following group of words:
The smallest continent, to come from, official name, federation of states, capital of the country, the best known place, constitutional monarchy, written constitution, head of state, little power, historical tie, developed country.
II. Translate from English into Russian the following words of the same root:
Form – to form – former – formation – formal – formative; history – historian - historic – historical – historically; to develop – development – developable – developed – developing – developer; to enable – enablement – enabler – enabling; important – importance – importantly; trade – to trade – trader – trademark – tradesman - tradespeople – trading; to come – income – comer – newcomer.
III. Read and translate the text:
AUSTRALIA
Australia is the only country in the world that is also a continent. It is the sixth large country and the smallest continent. Australia lies between the South Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. The name of the country comes from Latin word «australis» which mean southern. The country's official name is Commonwealth of Australia.
The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation of states. Australia has six states - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia. Each state has its government. Australia has two territories - the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. The capital of the country is Canberra. Sydney is the best known place in New South Wales. In fact, it’s the best known place in Australia.
Australia is a constitutional monarchy like Great Britain. The nation is administered under written constitution. The British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, is also queen of Australia and country's head of state. But the queen has little power in the Australian government. She serves mainly as a symbol of long historical tie between Great Britain and Australia. Australia is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations which is an association formed by Britain and some of its former colonies.
Australia is one of the world's developed countries. Australia has modern factories, highly productive mines and farms, and busy cities. It is the world's leading producer of wool and bauxite (the ore from which aluminum is made). It also produces and exports large amounts of other minerals and farm goods. Income from the export enables Australians to have high standard of living. The most important trading partners of Australia are Japan and the United States.
IV. Words to be learnt:
to lie – находиться
to be situated – быть расположенным
mainland – материк
Latin – латинский
Commonwealth of Australia – Австралийский Союз
federation – федерация
state – государство, штат
tie – связь
Commonwealth of Nations – Британское Содружество Наций
Lexical Exercises:
I. Find the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column for the following:
| 1. country | 1. конституция |
| 2. word | 2. служить |
| 3. capital | 3. деревня |
| 4. constitution | 4. развиваться |
| 5. head | 5. современный |
| 6. to serve | 6. мир |
| 7. to develop | 7. доход |
| 8. modern | 8. страна |
| 9. income | 9. позволять |
| 10. to enable | 10. столица |
| 11. слово | |
| 12. глава |
II. Use the proper preposition where necessary:
1. Australia lies … the South Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.
2. The name of the country comes … Latin word «australis» which mean southern.
3. The Commonwealth … Australia is a federation … states.
4. The nation is administered … written constitution.
5. Income … the export enables Australians to have high standard of living.
III. Finish the following sentences:
1. It is the sixth large country and ….
2. Australia has two territories - the Australian Capital Territory and ….
3. The British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, is also queen of Australia and ….
4. Australia is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations which is ….
5. Australia has modern factories, highly productive mines and ….
IV. Answer the following questions:
1. Where does the Australia lie?
2. What is the official name of the country?
3. What is the capital of the country?
4. Who is the country’s head of state?
5. Is there written constitution in Australia?
6. What are the main products of Australia?
7. What are the most important trade partners of the country?
V. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:
1. Австралия – это единственная страна в мире, являющаяся одновременно и континентом.
2. Австралия – конституционная монархия и управляется согласно записанной конституции.
3. Австралия является одной из наиболее развитых стран мира.
4. Доход от экспорта позволяет Австралии поддерживать высокий уровень жизни.
5. Япония и Соединённые Штаты Америки – важнейшие партёры Австралии.
6. Австралия – страна голубых гор.
7. Австралийский Союз – это федерация штатов.
8. В Австралии есть современные фабрики, высокопроизводительные фермы и шахты, города с высокой степенью деловой активности.
9. Когда мы слышим слово Австралия, мы представляет себе кенгуру, бумеранг, крокодилов и змей.
10. Самый большой город Австралии – Сидней.
Grammar Material
The Future Simple Tense
(Будущее простое время)
Future Simple образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола will и формы инфинитива смыслового глагола (без to).
e.g. He will work.
В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащими.
e.g. Will he work?
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола:
e.g. He will not work.