Reading chemical compound formulae
And chemical reaction equations
Цифра перед обозначением элемента указывает число молекул; 2MnO2, например, читается следующим образом: [´tu: ´mɔlɪkju:lz əv ´em´en´ou´tu:].
Знаки + и –, стоящие в левом верхнем углу, обозначают положительную и отрицательную валентность иона:
H+ – hydrogen ion [´haɪdrɪʤən ´aɪən] или univalent positive hydrogen ion [ˌju:nɪ´veɪlənt ´pɔzətɪv ´haɪdrɪʤən ´aɪən]
Cu++ – divalent positive cuprum ion [ˌdaɪ ´veɪlənt ´pɔzətɪv ´kju:prəm ´aɪən]
Al+++ – trivalent positive aluminium ion [ˌtraɪveɪlənt ´pɔzətɪv ˌælju´mɪnjəm ´aɪən]
Cl– – negative chlorine ion [´negətɪv ´klɔ:ri:n ´aɪən] or negative univalent chlorine ion.
Знак — или : обозначает одну связь и не читается:
..
:Cl: Cl
..
:Cl: C :Cl: or Cl— C —Cl [´si: ´si: ´el ´f ɔ:]
..
:Cl: Cl
..
Знак = или :: обозначает две связи и также не читается:
.. .. ..
: O :: C :: O : or O=C=O [´si: ´ou ´tu:]
.. ..
Знак + читается: plus, and или together with
Знак = читается: give или form
Знак – читается: give, pass over to или lead to
Знак читается: forms или is formed from
Examples
1) 4HCl + O2 = 2Cl2 + 2H2O [´fɔ: ´mɔlɪkju:lz əv ´eɪʧ ´sɪ ´el ´plʌs ´ou ´tu: ´ gɪv ´tu: ´mɔlɪkju:lz əv ´si: ´el ´tu: ənd ´tu: ´mɔlɪkju:lz əv ´eɪʧ ´tu: ´ou]
2) 
H2+J2 2HJ [´eɪʧ ´tu: ´plʌs ´ʤeɪ ´tu: ´fɔ:m ´tu: ´mɔlɪkju:lz əv ´eɪʧ ´ʤeɪ] or [´eɪʧ ´tu: ´plʌs ´ʤeɪ ´tu: ´fɔ:md frəm ´tu: ´mɔlɪkju:lz əv ´eɪʧ ´ʤeɪ]
3) H
|
H—C—H [´si: ´eɪʧ ´fɔ:]
|
H
Приложение 10
Latin abbreviations and expressions
Latin abbreviations:
| cf. | confer | compare | i.e./ie | id est | that is |
| e.g./eg | exempli gratia | for example | N.B./NB | nota bene | note well |
| etc. | et cetera | and the rest | v.s./vs./vs | versus | against |
| ib./ibid. | ibidem | in the same place | viz. | Videlicet | namely |
Latin (derived) expressions:
| ad hoc | for this special object | ipso facto | by the fact itself |
| ad hominem | to the man | mutatis mutandis | with the necessary changes |
| ad infinitum | to infinity | par excellence | preeminently |
| alter ego | another self | per se / Se | itself |
| alter idem | another exactly the same | prima-facie | at a first view |
| ceteris paribus | other things being equal | reductio ad absurdum | a reducing to the limit |
| inter alia | among other things | sine qua non | an indispensable condition |
| in toto | entirely |
Приложение 11
Escaping jargon: “words and expressions to avoid”
| Jargon | Preferred Usage | Jargon | P  referred Usage
|
| a majority of | most | it is suggested that | I think |
| a number of | many | it is worth pointing out | note that |
| accounted for by the fact | because | it may be that | I think |
| along the lines of | like | it may, however, be noted that | but |
| be of the same opinion | agree | lacked the ability to | couldn’t |
| as a consequence of | because | large in size | large |
| as a matter of fact | in fact | of great theoretical and practical importance | useful |
| as is the case | as happens | on account of | because |
| at an earlier date | previously | on behalf of | for |
| at the present time | now | on the basis of | by |
| based on the fact that | because | on the grounds that | since, because |
| by means of | by, with | on the part of | by, among, for |
| completely full | full | owing to the fact that | since, because |
| definitely proved | proved | perform | do |
| despite the fact that | although | pooled together | pooled |
| due to the fact that | because | prior to | before |
| during the course of | during, while | quite unique | unique |
| end result | result | rather interesting | interesting |
| fabricate | make | red in color | red |
| fewer in number | fewer | referred to as | called |
| first of all | first | relative to | about |
| for the reason that | since, because | smaller in size | smaller |
| give rise to | cause | subsequent to | after |
| has the capability of | can | sufficient | enough |
| in a number of cases | some | take into consideration | consider |
| in a position to | can, may | terminate | end |
| in a satisfactory manner | satisfactorily | the great majority of | most |
| in a very real sense | in a sense | the question as to whether | whether |
| in case | if | there is reason to believe | I think |
| in close proximity | close, near | through the use of | by, with |
| in connection with | about, concerning | ultimate | last |
| in order to | to | utilize | use |
| in relation to | toward, to | was the opinion that | believed |
| in respect to | about | ways and means | ways, means (not both) |
| in some cases | sometimes | we wish to thank | we thank |
| in terms of | about | whether or not | whether |
| in the event that | if | with a view to | to |
| in the possession of | has, have | with reference to | about |
| in view of | because, since | with regard to | concerning, about |
| inasmuch as | for, as | with respect to | about |
| initiate | begin, start | with the possible exception of | except |
| is defined as | is | with the result that | so that |
| it has been reported by F | F reported | it is apparent that | apparently |
| it has long been known | I haven’t bothered to look up the reference | it is believed that | I think |
| it is clear that | clearly | it is of interest to note | (leave out) |
| it is doubtful that | possibly | it is often the case that | often |
Приложение 12