Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms
расширенный язык разметки
стандартизированный обобщенный язык разметки
структурировать официальные документы
представление текстовой информации
системно-независимый
язык форматирования
ключевое слово разметки (страниц)
определение типа документа
гиперссылка
правила представления
XML-запрос
Итоговые данные, пригодные к использованию
Делает возможным
Choose the definitions to the following terms.
tags Information to be processed by a computer program. Data
processing is the performing of operations on data to obtain
information or solutions to a problem.
data to correct, add or delete information in a file and thus ensure
that the file reflects the latest situation.
upload A program written in a source language, i.e. a programming language
which cannot be directly processed by the hardware but requires
‘compilation’ into an ‘object program’.
update Codes used in an HTML document to mark the start, end or exact
location of a formatting feature or a link on a Web page.
format to send a file from one computer to another via modem.
download the layout of a document, including page numbers, line spaces,
margins, etc.
source program to transfer a file from one computer to another over the telephone.
Answer the questions.
1.What can you tell a bout the history of XML?
7. What are the disadvantages of HTML?
8. Why was XML designed?
9. What the most important acronyms does the XML universe include?
10. Are there any advantages of XML? What are they?
5. After reading the text write down the disadvantages of HTML (from the author‘s point of view).
TEST
Match the Russian terms with the English ones.
1. межплатформенный 1. types of errors
2. дополнительный 2. developers
3. широкий спектр 3. unauthorized usage
4. разработчики 4. supplementary
5. встроенное управление безопасностью 5. cross-platform
6. непортируемый код 6. means of encrypting
7. типы ошибок 7. to deal with
8. средство шифрования 8. built-in security management
9. иметь дело с 9. a wide range
10. несанкционированное использование 10. non- portable code
Match the pairs of words.
1. compatibility 1. сложность
2. data management 2. определять
3. tables of information 3. создавая объекты
4. complexity 4. представление данных
5. creating objects 5. надежный
6. reliable 6. совместимость
7. types of links 7. разнообразие
8. variety 8. типы связей
9. representing data 9. таблицы информации
10. to define 10. управление данными
Complete the sentences with a proper word.
source program compilation communication the assembly language a file a high-level language application
1.The translation of … in machine language is performed using interpretation.
2.People ….. instructions to the computer in symbolic language and the easier this communication can be made the wider the … of computer will be.
3.The … process is initiated by typing in a special command on the system.
4. The program which should be compiled is typed into … on the computer system.
5. Once the … has been entered into a file, it can be compiled.
6. The next step is to translate the … statements into machine instructions.
Translate into English.
Си – это достаточно выразительный язык программирования, предназначенный для описания широкого круга задач и имеющий современные механизмы управления вычислительным процессом и работы с данными. Наибольшую популярность язык имеет у системных программистов. Чрезвычайно привлекательными для системных программистов оказались: возможность использовать память различных типов, введение указателей, а также возможность работать с очень сложными структурами данных, применение препроцессора и удобство работы с символьными строками.
UNIT 12
Read the text, try to express its main idea.
Network configurations
A network is a group of devices (PCs, printers, etc.) or ‘nodes’ connected by communications circuits so that users can share data, programs and hardware resources. A network has two main elements: the physical structure that links the equipment and the software that allows communication.
The physical distribution of nodes and their circuits is known as network ‘topology’ or ‘architecture’. The software consists of the protocols, i.e. the rules which determine the formats by which information may be exchanged between different systems. We could say that cables and transceivers (the architecture) allow computers to ‘hear’ one another, while the software is the ‘language’ that they use to ‘talk’ to one another over the network.
As regards the cables, they consist essentially of the transceiver – the hardware that sends and receives network signals. At present the most widely used transceivers are ‘Token Ring, Ethernet and LocalTalk. Token Ring is the most common method of connecting PCs and IBM mainframes. Most Token Ring adapters transmit data at a speed of 16 megabits per second. With Ethernet, data is transmitted at 100 Mbits/sec. Ethernet provides a very robust, trouble-free architecture with good levels of performance. In this regard, Ethernet is the best solution for fast and intensive activity.
LocalTalk transceivers are the cheapest of all because they are directly included in each Macintosh. However, they are a bit slow, which is why most Macs come with built-in Ethernet.
As for protocols, these are rules which describe things like transmission speed and physical interfaces. The Token Ring protocol avoids the possibility of collisions. To transmit data, a workstation needs a token and as there is only one token per network, holding one guarantees sole use of the network. With Ethernet there are other options, of which TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is perhaps the most useful since it allows different operating systems to communicate with each other. With regard to LocalTalk networks, they use AppleTalk protocols. The Macintosh operating system includes the AppleTalk manager and a set of drivers that let programs on different Macs exchange information.
LANs can be interconnected by gateways. These devices help manage communications and control traffic on large networks. They change the data to make it compatible with the protocols of different networks.
The words to the text:
device прибор, приспособление
node устройство
circuit сеть, система
to link соединять, связывать
to determine определять
mainframe структура, система
to transmit сообщать, передавать
robust надежный, устойчивый к ошибкам
solution решение
interface граница
to avoid избегать
collision коллизия, противоречие
option выбор, вариант
compatible совместимый, сочетаемый