VOCABULARY LIST 3. The Judicial Systems of the USA and the UK. Legal Issues

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UNIT I. UK AND US POLITICAL SYSTEMS

VOCABULARY LIST 1. Political System

The UK

1)Coronation, abdication, to abdicate

To succeed to the throne

Knight, knighthood

2) legislative, executive, judicial branch

the Houses of Parliament, a Member of Parliament (MP)

the House of Lords, the Lords, the Lords Chamber, the Upper House

the House of Commons, the Commons, the Commons Chamber, the Lower House

3)hereditary peers, to inherit a title, peers by heredity; life peers, to make someone a life peer, to grant peerage

Lords Spiritual, bishops of the Church of England, Archbishop of Canterbury

The Law Lords (judges); Lords Temporal

The Lord Chancellor, the Woolsack, the Mace, the Sergeant at Arms

4)The Speaker; to call to order

The State Opening of Parliament; session, sitting, question time

5)A legislative draft/bill; to introduce/bring in a bill, to debate a bill, to pass a bill, to defeat/reject a bill, to amend a bill; to submit a bill to

First, second, third reading

Unanimous consent

To give/receive Royal Assent; to enter into the Statute book

Aye lobby, No lobby, division, to call for a division

6) The Government, the Opposition, Shadow cabinet, Shadow minister

A front-bencher, a back-bencher

Maiden speech

The USA

7) President, acting president, lame duck

the Congress: the Senate, the House of Representatives

Commander-in-Chief

The Vice President, Senator, Congressman

8) To set and collect taxes, to regulate commerce, to coin and issue money, to declare war

System of Checks and Balances

9) Constitution: articles and amendments

Bill of Rights

Bicameral legislature

Two-party system, political rivalry

Party caucus

Majority/minority leader

10) President’s Cabinet

To resign, to choose/appoint the successor

Term in office

Assassination

UNIT II. ELECTIONS

VOCABULARY LIST 2 . Elections

1. Election to (Parliament); to elect smb to.../for a term of ... general, universal, local, parliamentary, congressional, presidential, mid-term, nation-wide, primary, runoff election(s)

by-election

to hold, schedule, call an election

to fix/to rig an election; vote-rigging

to win/lose an election; to sweep a state

2. election campaign; to run, launch, organize a campaign

the run-up to the election

election agent, canvassing, to conduct canvassing,

a presidential bid/a bid for presidency

3. to nominate a candidate (for presidency), a nominee, to nominate smb as...; to put forward a candidate,

to stand for election /to run for (a post)

4. opinion poll/exit poll, to conduct, to take a poll

to predict /forecast election results

pollster, respondent

a candidate's approval /popularity rating; a front runner

5. to vote; to vote Conservative, Labour,etc.

the right to vote/ suffrage

popular/electoral vote, to be entitled to vote

educational, residential, property, age qualification

to abstain/ stay away from the polls

to be up for election/ re-election

6. polling/election day; to go to the polls polling station/ booth; ballot box; to cast a ballot,

voting turnout; heavy, big, light, poor turnout

heavy /light poll, invalid ballot paper to vote by proxy

7. constituency/ electoral district

one-member constituency;

safe/ marginal seats (constituences)

8. to win by a huge (small) margin of... seats

absolute/ overall/ clear majority majority /minority party

hung parliament; coalition parliament

9. electoral systems: a simple majority system; proportional representation (PR),

10. cabinet reshuffle; to resign/to quit,

resignation

lame duck/front runner/dark horse

VOCABULARY LIST 3. The Judicial Systems of the USA and the UK. Legal Issues.

Crime,to commit a crime, criminal Criminal Law/Civil Law offence against the law felony, misdemeanor; petty crime criminal offence/tort violent crime: attempted murder, contract murder,premeditated murder, voluntary/ involuntary murder,manslaughter,homicide robbery kidnapping/ abduction, to pay ransom to blackmail, blackmail property crime: raid, mugging, smash-and-grab raid, ram-raiding, hold-up burglary, house-breaking, break-in theft, thief , larceny arson, to set fire to the building car-theft, joyriding, carjacking pickpocketing, shoplifting high crime: high treason, treason sexual crime: harassment, rape, molestation child abuse	international crime terrorism, hijacking, hold smb hostage smuggling, drugtrafficking organized crime Italian Organized crime, mafia Eurasian criminal Enterprises Sports Bribery white-collar crime: antitrust laws violation bankruptcy fraud, mortgage fraud identity theft money laundering, to launder money computer /cyber crime copiright infringement, software piracy, warez, hacking child grooming,child pornograpy financial crime: tax evasion/avoidance embezzlement fraud, con, scam forgery, fake extortion, to blackmail, blackmail foreign exchange offences money-laundering, to launder money bribe, bribery
Police, police station, policeman Law-enforcement agencies To handcuff smb, handcuffs To detain a person, a detainee, preliminary detention cell to release a person, to release on bail to investigate the case to plant evidence on smb, extort evidence search warrant, arrest warrant to bring charges/allegations against smb. to examine, to cross-examine, interogate, interrogation witness, evidence, summons, to serve summons on somebody alibi, to have an alibi plotter, malefactor	Lawyer, solicitor, attorney, barrister, counsel Prosecutor(prosecution counsel), defender (defence counsel) Attorney, Attorney General, District Attorney solicitor, barrister prison, , jail ward accomplice, complicity traffic violations: speeding, driving without (licence, registration, insurance),running a red light, seat belt violations motoring offences: DUI, hit and run disturbance of peace, ASBO, domestic violence
Court, court-house, courtroom First, second instance, apellate court/court of last resort Trial, hearing, proceeding Jury, juror referral/committal Defendant/the accused, plaintiff/claimant Custody: to be in custody, to take smb into custody, remand smb in custody in the dock witness, to testify/give evidence, testimony perjury, perjuror acquittal, to acquit appeal, to reject an appeal extenuating/lenient circumstances; aggravating features To deliver a verdict, to plead guilty/innocent to sentence one to…	Punishment, punish Sentence, to sentence smb to smth Prison, jail, gaol, penitentiary A cell, solitary confinement cell, preliminary detention cell, Cellmate/inmate Prisoner, prison officer, ward capital punishment/death penalty, to abolish/to introduce capital punishment to imprison smb to serve a term in prison, to do the time (life) imprisonment To languish in prison, to escape from prison prison breakout

1) abduction,

Kidnapping

2) armed robbery

3) arson

4) assault

5) attempted murder

6) burglary

7) child abuse

1) contract murder,killing

2) domestic violence

3) DUI/DWI

Driving Under the Influence/drunk driving

4) fraud

5) hit and run

6) manslaughter

7) mugging

8) murder/homicide

1) pickpocketing

2) sexual harassment

3) shoplifting

4) premeditated murder

5) raid

6) rape

7) theft

8) vandalism

1) Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

2) Court of Appeal of England and Wales

3) Civil Division (of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales)

4) Criminal Division (of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales)

5) High Court of Justice

6) Crown Court of England and Wales

7) Queen's Bench Division of the High Court

8) Chancery Division of the High Court

9) Family Division of the High Court

10) Divisional Court of the High Court

11) County courts

12) Magistrate Courts