In this exercise you have to read a sentence and then write another sentence with the same meaning
Example:The police have arrested three men.
Three men have been arrested by the police.
1.They have changed the date of the meeting. The date of the meeting … .
2.Brian told me that somebody had attacked and robbed him in the street. Brian told me that he … .
3.The room looks nice, somebody has cleaned it. It … .
4.Somebody has given him a lot of money. He … .
5.They have cancelled the meeting. The meeting … .
6.We have told him not to be late again. He … .
3.9 Exam topic.Read the text about St. Petersburg and answer the questions. Prepare your own text for the exam.
SAINT-PETERSBURG
The city was founded in 1703 by Peter I on the banks of the Neva River and got the name of St. Petersburg. The Russian state obtained an exit to the northern trade sea routes, which was a factor of great importance: thus Russia became a naval power. In 1712 St Petersburg became the capital of Russia. In 1914 it was renamed Petrograd. In 1924, after Lenin’s death, the city was renamed Leningrad in his honour. In 1991, it again got the name St.Petersburg.
Leningrad suffered much during the Great Patriotic war. During the 900 days and nights of the siege enemy planes dropped 107,000 bombs on the city. Some 17,000 civilians were lost during these attacks. The city was left without light, water and without transport. Famine set in. More than 641,000 people died of hunger and privations in Leningrad during the blockade.
Despite all this, Leningrad continued to struggle. At factories and plants women, young boys and girls took the places of the men who had gone to the front. The people of Leningrad performed a glorious feat which went down in history. For this feat the town was awarded the Order of Lenin and called a Hero-City.
Not a single trace of war ruins can be seen in the present-day St. Petersburg – the city had been completely restored by 1948. Large new residential districts have been built all around the city.
St. Petersburg is an important industrial centre, the leading branches of the city’s industry are power-engineering, shipbuilding, instrument-making and radioelectronics.
St. Petersburg is one of the biggest scientific, cultural and art centres of Russia, the home of many colleges and Universities. It is famous for its science, industry, architecture, museums and theatres.
St. Isaac’s Cathedral, Kazan Cathedral, Peter-and-Paul Fortress, Rossi’s and Rastrelli’s ensembles are known all over the world. The Hermitage and the Russian Museum house the greatest masterpieces of Western, Oriental and Russian art. On the stage of the Mariinsky Opera House we can enjoy world-famous operas and ballets.
1.How many people live in St. Petersburg? 2.Why was Leningrad called a Hero-City? 3.When was the city completely restored? 4.What are the leading industries of the city? 5.What museum have you recently visited in St. Petersburg? 6.What are your favourite architectural ensembles or places in the city? 7.Do you often go to the theatre?
3.10 Fill in the prepositions if they are necessary.
1.St.Petersburg was founded … 1703 … Peter I. 2.The blockade … Leningrad lasted 900 days. 3.St.Petersburg can be proud … its finest places … interest. 4.St.Petersburg is one … the greatest cities … Russia. 5.The Bronze Horseman is situated … Decembrists’ Square … the embankment … the Neva. 6.The Summer Gardens were laid … 1704.
3.11 Prepare the exam topic „My native town”. Talk about its location, age, brief history, population, sights (museums, monuments, memorials, parks and gardens, green alleys), education institutions, concert halls, churches.
3.12. Read and act out the dialogue. Which phrases are useful to make a conversation? What view of Saint-Petersburg do you like best?
| Mary: What a marvelous view! Liz: Fantastic, isn’t it? St. Petersburg is the most beautiful city in the world. Mary: It’s beautiful. But don’t forget you haven’t been to Rome. Liz: As far as I know Rome is much older than St. Petersburg. Mary: It’s much older. St. Petersburg is a relatively young city. Liz: When was it founded? Mary: It was founded in 1703. | Liz: By Peter the Great? I’ve read a lot about that king. Mary: He was not a king, Liz. He was a tzar. All kings in Russia were called tzars. Liz: Oh, I know. Peter the Great was a very democratic, energetic and business-like man. Mary: I agree. By the way, we’ve spent the whole day here and we haven’t seen anything of St. Petersburg yet. Liz: We are going sightseeing at last! Mary: OK! I am ready. Let’s go. |
3.13 What are these outstanding petersburgers famous for?
M.V.Lomonosov, Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, A.S.Pushkin, F.M.Dostoyevsky, I.E.Repin, B.Rastrelli, D.D.Shostakovich, D.I.Mendeleyev, P.I.Tchaikovsky, A.A.Block, A.A.Akhmatova, I.V.Kurchatov
3.14 Read the text and talk about its wonders.
THE CAPITAL OF FOUNTAINS
Peterhof is located 30km west of St.Petersburg on the shores of the Gulf of Finland. It was the summer residence of Peter the Great, built to commemorate the victory over the Swedes in 1709 and to show the strength of the Russian Empire.
Peterhof was designed to resemble Versailles in France and architects from all over the world were involved in its design. Peter the Great himself helped to plan the layout of the gardens and fountains. Vasily Tuvolkov, Russia’s first hydraulics engineer, built the fountains in 1721-1722.
The Great Cascade fountain in the gardens has 17 waterfalls, 142 water jets, 66 fountains, 29 bas-reliefs and 39 gilded statues, including the famous five-ton Sampson Fountain. Another fountain, the Chess Hill, contains some of the best waterfalls cascading over bronze dragons. The Pyramid fountain was designed by Peter the Great and is made up of seven tiers and 505 jets.
Some of the fountains are there to surprise and amuse visitors. The Little Umbrella fountain sprays out water from 164 jets as soon as anyone sits on a bench underneath it. The Little Oak fountain sprays out water if it senses any weight approaching it and the Pebbles fountain also drenches visitors who sit on a nearby bench.
To feel happy and make their spirits high, Russians and foreign visitors come to Peterhof to enjoy its magic charms.
Notes: commemorate victory – праздновать годовщину победы
resemble – походить
bas-relief – барельеф
layout – расположение
tier – ряд, ярус
3.15. Discuss these questions with a partner.
1.Do you ever go to exhibitions? 2.When did you go last to a museum in your home town? 3.Do you like modern art? 4.What do you think art is for?
3.16 Read the text and do the tasks after it.
FAMOUS RUSSIAN MUSEUMS
1. The Hermitage is one of the world’s most universal and unique museums of art and culture. It is situated in St. Petersburg, Russia.
Being the largest fine arts museum in Russia, it contains the world famous collection of the West-European paintings, covering a span of about 700 years (13 – 20 centuries). It also houses the works by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Titian, El Greco, Velasquez, Murillo, as well as paintings of Rembrandt, Van Dyck, Rubens; a remarkable French canvas group of the 18 th century; impressionist and post-impressionist paintings.
The collections illustrate the art of many countries: Spain, Italy, Holland, Germany, Finland, Britain, Sweden, Denmark and many others.
The museum also includes European sculpture: Rodin, Michelangelo and many other eminent masters. Besides, it has several departments representing the art of China, Egypt, India, Greece, Rome, not to mention the Scythian art.
Visitors also admire the collections of tapestry, textiles, weapons, ivories, pottery, porcelain and furniture. They can make a complete and serious study of the art and culture of the past.
Having lost its original meaning (‘hermit’s dwelling’), the name “Hermitage” has gone into our literature and art and is now associated with the biggest treasure-house of the world culture and art.
2. The Tretyakov Gallery. There are many wonderful galleries in our country. The Tretyakov Gallery is the most famous and richest picture gallery both in Russia and abroad. It dates from 1856. It is named after its founder Pavel Tretyakov who began collecting Russian paintings in 1836.
In the late 60-s Tretyakov started collecting canvases by the painters of the 18 th and the first half of the 19th centuries. He was the first to appreciate the newest trends in Russian painting. In the 1870-s he turned to collecting the portraits of the Russian cultural figures and it was highly appreciated by the Russian public.
His brother Sergey also collected pictures both by Russian and foreign painters, especially those by French and Dutch masters.
The brothers’ collections were opened to the public in 1874 as a private museum and soon became very popular. Some years later, in 1892, the brothers donated their picture collection to Moscow. Pavel Tretyakov remained the life-long curator of this gallery.
In 1918 the gallery and collections of paintings were nationalized and became a state museum.
Today the Tretyakov Gallery has got many departments. Some of them are devoted to the great Russian painters Repin, Levitan, Rublev, Serov and many others. Their paintings reflect the history and beauty of Russia, the Russian people’s lives and soul, give us amazing portraits of many prominent people of our country.
One of the most famous museums in Saint Petersburg is the Russian Museum, a treasure house of national culture. It contains more than 300.000 works of art and covers the period from the 11 th century to the present day. The museum possesses one of the finest collections of Russian paintings and the country's largest collection of national sculpture. It also has enormous collections of drawings and examples of decorative and folk-art and ancient Russian art.
The Russian Museum is situated on Arts Square. A great architect and town planner Carlo Rossi designed this square. The Mikhailovsky Palace, which now houses the Russian Museum, was built by Rossi between 1819 and 1825 for Grand Duke Mikhail, the youngest son of Paul I.
The thousands-year-old history of Russian art is represented in 130 rooms of the museum starting with the splendid collections of ancient Russian icons by famous Russian icon painters such as Andrei Rublev and Simon Ushakov. There is a fine collection of portraits by Antropov, Rokotov, Levitsky, Borovikovsky and others and of sculptures by Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli, Shubin and others.
The Russian Museum periodically organizes exhibitions both in our country and abroad. Paintings and sculptures from the museum have been on display in many countries of the world.
3.17 Complete the sentences below with the suitable words from the text.
1. The Hermitage is a universal and unique museum of … .
2. It can be ranked among the world’s richest museums in … .
3. The museum has several sections illustrating the art of … .
4. The Tretyakov Gallery dates from … .
5. It is one of the world’s most famous … .
6. The Gallery was named after its … Pavel Tretyakov who remained
its life-long … .
7. Many sections of the Gallery are devoted to … .
8. Their works reflect the … .
9. In 1918 the Gallery was nationalized and turned into … .
Grammar: Modal Verbs and theirEquivalents
| a) | necessity, obligation долженствование | — | must (n’t), (don’t) have to, be to, should (n’t) –должен |
| b) | ability, possibility способность, возможность | — | can (‘t), could, be able to – мочь, уметь |
| c) | permission разрешение | — | may, be allowed to – мочь, иметь разрешение |
Models:
a) obligation
You must(have to, should) do this work carefully (должен).
You had todo this work yesterday (должен был).
He is tovisit our country next summer (должен, планирует).
You mustn’tcopy (не должен списывать, запрещается).
You shouldn’t tell lies (не должен).
b) possibility, ability
He can(is able to) translate the text himself (может).
He could(was able to) translate this text at the last lesson (мог).
c) permission
I may (am allowed to) work in the laboratory (могу, имею разрешение).
You will be allowed to work in the laboratory next week (разрешат).