Порядок слов в английском предложении
В английском предложении каждый член предложения, как правило, имеет свое определенное место. Так, в простом распространенном повествовательном члены предложения имеют следующий порядок:
подлежащее,
сказуемое,
дополнение (беспредложное, прямое, предложное)
обстоятельства (образа действия, места, времени). Например: 1) / 2) gave 3) ту brother 4) a book
5) yesterday.
Exercise 2.9. Build the sentences from the words:
Is, best, she, friend, my.
Learn, different, students, our, subjects.
The, is, Russia, the, in, country, the, largest, world.
In, the, we, city, live, a, flat, in, of, center, the.
Reading, is, my, of, best, son's, fond, friend.
Computer, better, his, mine, is, than.
Many, have, to, I, want, children.
8) People, to, Black Sea coast, go, in, people, summer, many.
§ 3. Основные типы вопросов, используемые в английском языке
1. Общий вопрос
Общий вопрос относится ко всему предложению в целом, и ответом на него будут слова yes или по: Do you like ice-cream? — Yes, I do. Can you speak English? — Yes, I can. Are you a schoolboy? — No, I am not. Have you bought a text book? — Yes, I have.
Порядок слов в общем вопросе
вспомогательный глагол (модальный, глагол-связка),
подлежащее (существительное или местоимение),
3) смысловой глагол (или дополнение).
2. Специальный вопрос
Специальный вопрос относится к какому-нибудь члену предложения или их группе и требует конкретного ответа:
What is your name? — My name is Peter.
Where do you live? — J live in Rostov.
Порядок слов в специальном вопросе
вопросительное слово (what, where, who, when, how и т. д.),
вспомогательный глагол(модальный, глагол-связка),
3) подлежащее,
4) смысловой глагол, 5)дополнения,
6) обстоятельства (места, времени, образа действия ит. д.)
• В специальных вопросах, обращенных к подлежащему в формах Present и Past Indefinite, не употребляется вспомогательный глагол do (did) и сохраняется прямой порядок слов:
Who wants to go to the cinema? Who lives in this house?
3. Альтернативный вопрос
Альтернативный вопрос предполагает выбор из двух возможностей:
Do you like coffee or tea? — Вы любите кофе или чай?
Альтернативный вопрос начинается как общий вопрос, затем следует разделительный союз or и вторая часть вопроса.
4. Разделительный вопрос (Tail Question)
Разделительный вопрос состоит из двух частей. Первая часть — это повествовательное предложение (утвердительное или отрицательное), вторая, отделенная запятой от первой — краткий вопрос (tail — «хвостик»):
Your are a pupil, aren't you? — Вы ученик, не правда ли?
Если в повествовательной части разделительного вопроса содержится утверждение, то во второй — отрицание. Если в повествовательной части — отрицание, то во второй части, как правило, — утверждение:
You are a student, aren't you?
You don't go to school every day, do you?
Exercise 2.11. Put the questions to the following sentences:
Common общие
Special специальные
Разделительные
1. There is a book on the table. 2. He must work hard today. 3. We are leaving for Moscow next week. 4. We were reading the whole evening. 5. They don't go to work on Sunday. 6. It is not cold today. 7. Ann has already begun to read a new book. 8. We learn English at school. 9. They will show you how to get there. 10. They finished the translation befor e the end of the lesson. 11.1 didn't feel well that evening. 12. It wasn't difficult to do this task.
Exercise 2.12. Put all possible the questions to the following sentences:
Our family lives in a three-room flat.
They went to the same school.
He will read this book tomorrow.
They are playing chess now.
Our friend is working now.
Her mother is an accountant.
Exercise 2.13. Translate the sentences into English:
1. Вам нравится больше английский язык или
французский?
Он живет в Ростове или в области?
Она его младшая или старшая сестра?
Студенты уже сдали экзамены или нет?
Петровы поедут летом на юг или на север?
Ваш друг учится в академии или в университете?
Он знает ее лучше или вы?
Exercise 2.14. Write down tail questions to the following sentences:
1. Our teacher knows several foreign languages. 2. He has graduated from our University last year. 3.We shall go to Samara next week. 4. They are working in our garden. 5.1 have just read this book. 6.1 took this book from my friend. 7. He likes reading books. 8. She has many relatives abroad. 9. They were in many countries. 10. Russia is the largest country in the world.
Lecture 3
Text I: KATYA'S UNIVERSITY
Hello again! This is Katya and this time I'll tell you about my University and my studies.
I am very happy that I study here. It is one of the finest country's higher educational institutions. Many famous people have graduated from my University, and not only economists or scientists, but many outstanding writers, actors, showmen and politicians. Studying at our University gives a solid background in all spheres of knowledge and prepares for practical work.
Our University is quite large but not very old, compared to other national institutions* It was founded in the beginning of the 20th century. In 1915, during the World War I the university of Warsaw was evacuated here.,First, it had only three faculties, but later it became the largest University in the region and it gave birth to other Institutes in the region/Nowadays it is a large school where more than 18 000 students are currently enrolled. The majority are full-time students, like me, and the rest are part time-students. There are also about 150 graduate students — aspirants and doctorants. They conduct independent research work and have pedagogical practice.^
The course of study at my University lasts five years. There are many faculties at my University; Here are some of them: the faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics,
Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Law, Economics, Philology and Journalism and, of course, the faculty of Psychology, where I currently study.
Our University is large and we have several buildings. One of the buildings is for lectures and seminars only. There are many large halls there so that students of 3-4 groups together can fit in there. And that is more than lOOpeople.The acoustics in such large halls is very good but sometimes it is very noisy when students chat during the lecture.
We have two other buildings for library, computer center, gym, and other facilities. Many students from my group want to do their own research work in the future and these facilities will certainly help them.
There are several cafes at the University. My favourite one is situated in a separate one-storeyed building. The food there is tasty and very affordable.
There are also several dormitories or hostel buildings where students from other cities or countries live. But you know already that I don't live in a dormitory — I rent an apartment.
Vocabulary:
solid background — твердую базу, основание
currently — в настоящее время
to be enrolled — числиться в списках студентов
full-time students — студенты дневного отделения
part time-students — студенты вечернего отделения
to conduct — проводить
course of study — курс обучения
noisy — шумный
to chat — беседовать, болтать
computer center — вычислительны центр
gym — спортивный зал
facilities — службы, помещения . research [n's9:tf] work — исследовательская работа one-storeyed — одноэтажное tasty ['teisti] — вкусный
affordable — доступная (to afford — позволять)
Add to your active vocabulary:
classroom — класс, аудитория lecture hall — лекционный зал laboratory — лаборатория gym (gymnasium) — спортзал
semester (term) — семестр school year — учебный год course of studies — курс обучения University — академия university — университет institute — институт
faculty, college, department — факультет (ex. College of physics — факультет физики)
department, chair of... — кафедра
head of the department, chief of the department, chair (man, woman) — зав. кафедрой
substitute — заместитель
c) teaching instructor (TI) — преподаватель
professor — профессор
dean — декан i
Rector — ректор
teaching staff, faculty members — преподавательский состав
d) full-time student — студент(ка) дневного отделе-
ния
part-time student — студент(ка)-«вечерник» student of distant education — студент(ка) «заочник»
student of preparatory courses — слушатель подкур-сов, «подкурсник»
undergraduate student — студент 1-4(5) курсов graduate student — студент 5-6 курсов (магистрант, магистер), аспирант
master student — магистрант (магистер) Ph. D. Student — аспирант, докторант
Exercise 3.1. Describe the following. Be as specific (конкретный) as possible:
your secondary school (college)
the faculty of your university
your favourite teacher at school.
Exercise 3.2. Do you know?
1) When was your university or University estab-
lished?
Who was it's first rector?
Were there any famous
scientists, engineers
politicians
artists among the graduates?
4) How many people are currently enrolled?
5) What is the most popular faculty in your Univer-
sity?
Exercise 3.3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statements:
Larger schools are better than smaller ones.
It is impossible to enter the university if you haven't attended preparatory courses.
The best professors are the oldest ones.
It is more fun to live in a dormitory or student hostel than to rent an apartment.
e) Professors always know more than students and teaching instructors.
Text 2: MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY
Moscow State University is the oldest, autonomous, self-governing and state-supported institution of higher learning, founded in 1755 by the scientist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Located in Moscow, the university is composed of faculties of biology, chemistry, computational mathematics and cybernetics, economics, foreign languages, fundamental medicine, geography, geology, history, journalism, law, mechanics and mathematics, physics, psychology, sociology, and soil sciences, as well as an institute of Asian and African Studies. Several museums, colleges, and a number of institutes are affiliated with Moscow University, and a preparatory faculty teaches the Russian language and other subjects to foreign students.
Except for the science faculties and some of the arts faculties — which are situated in south-western Moscow — the remainder of the faculties are located in the older university buildings in the centre of the city. A diploma in a given field of study is awarded after five or five and a half years of study. After three additional years and the completion of a thesis, the kandidat nauk degree is awarded. The highest degree, the Doctor of Sciences, may be attained upon completion of a thesis based on independent research.
General understanding:
When was Moscow State University founded?
What is preparatory faculty for?
3. When, according to the article, the degree of
kandidat nauk is awarded?
4. What is a Doctor of Sciences degree?
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