Features of first aid for different types of lesions.
TOPIC 5
First medical aid to the injured
General concepts of the first medical aid
Features of first aid for different types of affection
Introduction.
A man, who had injured, suddenly ill, injured as a result of the accident, etc., provided medical care. There are three stages of medical care:
1. First medical care.
2. The first medical aid.
3. Skilled medical care.
Rescue victim in most cases depends on the speed and correct first aid. Delay in helping may cause the death of the victim.
General concepts of the first aid
Pre-medical aid (first aid) - a set of hospital activities, which are conducted with the suddenly ill or injured at the scene and during transport to a medical facility.
Emergency first aid provided to persons with whom there was an accident, work injury or serious illness emerged, threatening or injuries during the accident, disaster, disaster, ie during emergencies.
The sequence of first aid
1. Eliminate the effect on the hazards that threaten the health and lives of the victim (exemption of electric current, passing from poisoned atmosphere extinguish clothing that is burning, extraction of water, etc.).
2. Assess condition of the victim, to determine the nature and severity of injury, the greatest threat to the life of the victim and the sequence of actions to save him.
3. Perform necessary to rescue the victim of urgency in order to restore airway, do artificial respiration, external cardiac massage, stop bleeding, immobilize damaged body parts, apply a bandage like.
4. Maintain basic life functions victim to the arrival of medical workers.
5. Call an ambulance or a doctor or arrange transportation of the victim to the nearest hospital.
In civil defense - providing affected people in NA first pre-medical (medical) care is lifeguard (with special training) directly to their location.
The first pre-medical (medical) care include:
- Removal of victims from affected area;
- Temporary stop bleeding;
- Fire burning or smoldering clothing;
- Imposition of primary aseptic (sterile) dressings for burns and wounds
- Immobilization of limb fractures and multiple injuries of soft tissues;
- The introduction of analgesics;
- Restoration of patency of the upper respiratory tract;
- Artificial ventilation;
- Indirect heart massage;
- Transportation to hospitals and others.
Evacuation is carried cargo and medical transportation to an aid station or hospitals where the injured is the first medical aid.
The first medical assistance includes the following activities:
- Prevention of wound infection (prophylactic administration serum, antibiotics, etc.).
- Final stop bleeding;
- Conducting anti shock activities (warming, internal administration of drugs and blood products, etc.);
- Laying or repairing dressings and tires;
- Prevention of asphyxia (suffocation condition) - CPR, oxygen, etc.;
- Catheterization or puncture the bladder;
- Primary amputation of limbs that hang on a leather-muscle flap and others.
Assistance provided to the injured, will be helpful, if man, which gives it, familiarized with methods of first before clinic aid.
The commonly accepted basics of first aid provide:
- Providing of permeability of airways;
- The control and fast stopping of hemorrhage;
- Emergency struggle with shock;
- Temporary bandaging of wounds;
- Immobilization of fractures;
- Transportation of injured to hospital;
For transportation of injured the best way is to use specialized transport; in absence of it, transportation should be done by any available means of transportation in concrete situation. It is possible to transport by specialized or improvised handbarrow, on canvas.
Transportation may continue from some minutes to few hours. Medical worker or person which helps, obliged to provide transportation of injured in right way, shifting him from one transport means to another, give medical help en route, to conduct actions which predict complications, which may appear as result of vomiting, deviation of transport immobilizing, hypothermia, because of vibrations and by other reasons.
Provided timely and properly performed first aid not only saves lives of the victim, but also provides further successful treatment of illness or injury prevents the development of severe complications (shock, rotting wounds, general blood poisoning), reduces disability, promoting rapid recovery.
Thus, the lack of breathing and circulatory arrest in 4 - 6 minutes cause irreversible effects in the body and help the doctor later had become ineffective.
In providing SDA must be guided by the following principles:
1) the accuracy and appropriateness;
2) speed;
3) reasoning, determination, calm.
According to WHO, about 30% of people who died as a result of emergencies, accidents, injuries, poisonings, would be saved if they were timely and properly provided first aid.
Some basic concepts:
Terminal states - the last stages of life, bordering with death: severe stage shock peredahonalni states agony, clinical death.
Severe stages of shock - severe depression of all vital functions of the body, the development of inhibition in the central nervous system (thinking, memory, language).
Agonal state - deeper braking, which covers not only higher parts of the brain, but gradually affects stem and bulbar centers (movement, breathing, heart activity).
Clinical death - 5-6 minutes after cardiac stopping and respiratory during which cells and tissues continue to live. possible recovery vital functions of the body (including the brain) using resuscitation - heart massage and artificial respiration. In later periods irrevocable change and revitalization impossible.
Signs before agony state:
- Obscured or confused consciousness;
- Weakened breathing;
- Acrocyanosis;
- Filiform pulse, very often or not detectable at all;
- Blood pressure is not defined.
Agony is characterized by:
- Lack of awareness;
- Severe disturbance of respiration,
- Sudden cardiac abnormalities;
- Barely detectable pulse of the carotid arteries;
- Cardiac sharply muted.
Thus, first aid - a set of simple, appropriate action to preserve the health and life of the victim. Firstly, if there is a need and opportunity to make a victim from the scene. Second, examine the damaged areas of the body to assess the condition of the victim, stop the bleeding and to process these sites. Then immobilizuvaty (not moving) and prevent traumatic shock.
Features of first aid for different types of lesions.
Consider the features of first aid for different types of lesions in the following sequence:
1) features cardiopulmonary resuscitation;
2) loss of consciousness;
3) bleeding;
4) frostbite;
5) overheating;
6) burns (thermal, chemical, elektroopiky);
7) drowning;
8) poisoning;
9) fractures.