Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Making lifestyle changes is a very effective way of preventing as well as reducing your risk of developing a cardiovascular disease, such as a coronary heart disease, heart attack or stroke.
There are five ways that can help you reduce your risk of developing heart disease:
- stop smoking (if you smoke)
- eat a healthy diet
- take regular exercise
- lose weight (if you are overweight or obese)
- moderate your consumption of alcohol
If you smoke, it is strongly recommended that you quit as soon as possible. It is recommended that you eat two to four portions of oily fish a week. Oily fish contains a type of fatty acid called omega-3. Omega-3 can help lower your cholesterol levels. It is also recommended that you eat more fruit, vegetables and fish, and less meat. Replace butter and cheese with products that are vegetable and plant-oil based, such as olive oil.
If you are overweight, or obese, you should lose weight, and maintain a healthy weight by using a combination of regular exercise and a calorie-controlled diet. Remember that alcohol can raise your blood pressure and your cholesterol level, which will increase your risk of developing CVD. A minimum of 30 minutes of exercise a day five times a week is the recommended. Activities may include: brisk walking, running, cycling and swimming.
2. Say if it is true or false:
1. There are four ways that can help you reduce your risk of developing heart disease
2. Regular exercise can reduce risk of developing a cardiovascular disease.
3. It is recommended that you eat two to six portions of oily fish a week.
4. Alcohol can decrease your blood pressure.
5. A minimum of 30 minutes of exercise a day five times a week is the recommended.
3. Suggest the English equivalents:
зменшення ризику; серцевий напад; регулярно займатися фізичними вправами; знизити рівень холестерину; зменшити вагу; підвищити артеріальний тиск; швидка ходьба.
Lesson 10
Blood
1. Pre-reading activities
1.1 Read and memorize the words:
nutrients – поживні речовини
approximately – приблизно
cclotting – згортання
amarrow – кістковий мозок
erythrocytes – еритроцити liquid – рідкий
leucocytes – лейкоцити
thrombocytes (platelets) – тромбоцити
1.2 Match the words-combinations:
pumps blood кістковий мозок
waste products розподіляє речовини
body weight виробляє клітини
distributes the substances боротися з інфекцією
to fight infection перекачувати кров
bone marrow побічні продукти
produces cells вага тіла
2.Reading activities
2.1 Read and translate the text:
BLOOD
Blood is a mixture of two components: cells and plasma. The heart pumps blood through the arteries, capillaries and veins to provide oxygen and nutrients to every cell of the body. The blood also carries away waste products.
The adult human body contains approximately 5 liters of blood; it makes up 7 to 8 percent of a person's body weight. Approximately 2.75 to 3 liters of blood is plasma and the rest is the cellular portion.
Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood. Blood cells like red blood cells float in the plasma. Also dissolved in plasma are electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins (absorbed from the intestines or produced by the body), hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as albumin and immunoglobulins (antibodies to fight infection). Plasma distributes the substances it contains as it circulates throughout the body.
The cellular portion of blood contains red blood cells (RBCs, erythrocytes), white blood cells (WBCs, leucocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes). There are 4,5 to 5 million erythrocytes, from 4,500 to 9,500 leucocytes and from 200,000 to 400,000 platelets in each cubic millimetre of blood. The RBCs carry oxygen from the lungs; the WBCs help to fight infection; and platelets are parts of cells that the body uses for clotting.
All blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. Bone marrow that actively produces blood cells is called red marrow, and bone marrow that no longer produces blood cells is called yellow marrow.
Human blood is divided into four groups: group AB, group A, group B, group 0.
3. Post-reading activities
3.1 Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents:
a mixture of two components; to provide oxygen and nutrients; the cellular portion; float in the plasma; absorbed from the intestines; circulates throughout the body; white blood cells; produced in the bone marrow.
3.2 Suggest the English equivalents:
клітини та плазма; тіло дорослої людини; рідка частина крові; червоні кров’яні клітини; продукуються організмом; переносять кисень від легенів; допомагають боротися з інфекцією; використовує для згортання; червоний кістковий мозок.
3.3 Answer the questions to the text:
1. What is blood? 2. What does the heart pump blood through? 3. How many liters of blood does the adult human body contain? 4. Is plasma a liquid or cellular portion of the blood? 5. What does the cellular portion of blood contain? 6. Where are all blood cells produced? 7. What bone marrow actively produces blood cells?
3.4 Say if it true or false:
1. Blood is a mixture of two components: cells and plasma.
2. The adult human body contains approximately 6 liters of blood.
3. Plasma is the cellular portion of the blood.
4. Also dissolved in plasma are electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins.
5. The WBCs carry oxygen from the lungs.
6. Platelets are parts of cells that the body uses for clotting.
7. All blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
Grammar
Active or Passive Voice
Do the tests:
1. Cheese.........from milk.
a) made b) is made c) makes
2. The letters............yesterday.
a) were written b) being written c) wrote
3. My secretary ......... the mail every morning.
a) is opened b) opens c) opened
4. Excuse the mess. The house........... now.
a) is being painted b) paints c) is painted
5. A gardener......... the flowers now.
a) waters b) is being watered c) is watering
6. John said they couldn't take photos. The camera............
a) was being repaired b) was repaired c) was repairing
7. Caroline ............. the dogs every morning.
a) was walked b) walks c) is walked
8. Heavy rain .......... the flood.
a) had being caused b) had been caused c) had caused
9. The new project............yet.
a) hasn’t finished b) hasn’t being finished c) has not been finished
10. Police officers ............ the evidence.
a) was examined b) were examining c) were being examined
Lesson 11
Respiratory System
1. Pre-reading activities
1.1 Pronounce and memorize the anatomic terms:
breathing - дихання pharynx - зів; глотка
nasal cavities - пазухи носа adenoids - аденоїди
throat - горло tonsils - мигдалики
larynx - гортань trachea - трахея
bronchus (bronchi) - бронх to inhale - вдихати
alveolus (alveoli) - альвеола to exhale - видихати
oxygen - кисень lungs - легені
bronchiole - бронхіола lobe - доля
thoracic cavity – грудна порожнина
a mucous membrane - слизова оболонка
cilia- війки респіраторного епітелію
to moisten the air - зволожувати повітря
carbon dioxide - вуглекислий газ
1.2 Match the words-combinations:
of vital importance тонкі стінки
interruption of breathing однакові за розміром
filter out bodies обмін газів
a common way процес дихання
thin walls переривання дихання
exchange of gases життєво важливе
equal in size відфільтровують тіла
the process of breathing загальний шлях
2.Reading activities
2.1 Read the text and get ready to comment upon its content: