History of Internetworking
The first networks were time-sharing networks that used mainframes and attached terminals. Such environments were implemented by both IBM's Systems Network Architecture (SNA) and Digital's network architecture.
Local-area networks (LANs) evolved around the PC revolution. LANs enabled multiple users in a relatively small geographical area to exchange files and messages, as well as access shared resources such as file servers and printers.
Wide-area networks (WANs) interconnect LANs with geographically dispersed users to create connectivity. Some of the technologies used for connecting LANs include T1, T3, ATM, ISDN, ADSL, Frame Relay, radio links, and others. New methods of connecting dispersed LANs are appearing everyday.
Today, high-speed LANs and switched internetworks are becoming widely used, largely because they operate at very high speeds and support such high-bandwidth applications as multimedia and videoconferencing.
Internetworking evolved as a solution to three key problems: isolated LANs, duplication of resources, and a lack of network management. Isolated LANs made electronic communication between different offices or departments impossible. Duplication of resources meant that the same hardware and software had to be supplied to each office or department, as did separate support staff. This lack of network management meant that no centralized method of managing and troubleshooting networks existed.
Implementing a functional internetwork is no simple task. Many challenges must be faced, especially in the areas of connectivity, reliability, network management, and flexibility. Each area is key in establishing an efficient and effective internetwork.
The challenge when connecting various systems is to support communication among disparate technologies. Different sites, for example, may use different types of media operating at varying speeds, or may even include different types of systems that need to communicate.
Because companies rely heavily on data communication, internetworks must provide a certain level of reliability. This is an unpredictable world, so many large internetworks include redundancy to allow for communication even when problems occur.
Furthermore, network management must provide centralized support and troubleshooting capabilities in an internetwork. Configuration, security, performance, and other issues must be adequately addressed for the internetwork to function smoothly. Security within an internetwork is essential. Many people think of network security from the perspective of protecting the private network from outside attacks. However, it is just as important to protect the network from internal attacks, especially because most security breaches come from inside. Networks must also be secured so that the internal network cannot be used as a tool to attack other external sites.
Early in the year 2000, many major web sites were the victims of distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks. These attacks were possible because a great number of private networks currently connected with the Internet were not properly secured. These private networks were used as tools for the attackers.
Because nothing in this world is stagnant, internetworks must be flexible enough to change with new demands.
Питання для самоконтролю:
1. What is the Internet?
2. What is the e-mail?
3. What is the spam?
4. What do you know about viruses?
5. What is the WWW?
6. What browsers do you know?
7. What do you know about the Internet Challenges?
Рекомендована література:
Гальперин И.Р., Медникова Э.М. Большой англо-русский политехнический словарь. – Москва: Русский язык, 1987.
ФедоршинО.П., Євстіфєєв П.Ф., Рябушенко Т.Л. Англійська мова. Практикум з науково-технічного перекладу, – Тернопіль Навчальна книга – Богдан, 2002 – 52с.
Чебурашкин Н.Д. Хрестоматия по техническому переводу. – Москва: Просвещение, 1987.
Лоскутова Г.В. О компьютере по-английски. – Санкт-Питербург: КАРО. – 2004
IBM PC для пользователя. – Краткий курс. – М.: ИНФА. – 1999
Current Challenges in Internet Technology with Special Focus on Routing Scalability CNGI, Beijing, June 2007 Jari Arkko Internet Area Director, IETF Researcher, ricsson Research
Дидактичне забезпечення: текст, словник.
САМОСТІЙНА РОБОТА №13
Тема: Технічний переклад та переказ тексту за фахом: «Класифікація комп’ютерних мереж»
Завдання до самостійної роботи:
І. Усно перекладіть текст. Перекладіть українською мовою письмово абзаци “Peer-to-Peer”, “Client – Server” та “WAN”.
«Computer network classification»
A computer network is a system for communication among two or more computers. Computer networks can be categorized by range, functional relationship, network topology and specialized function.
A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of hardware components and computers interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network.
Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics such as the medium used to transport the data, communications protocol used, scale, topology, and organizational scope.
Communications protocols define the rules and data formats for exchanging information in a computer network, and provide the basis for network programming. Well-known communications protocols are Ethernet, a hardware and Link Layer standard that is ubiquitous in local area networks, and the Internet Protocol Suite, which defines a set of protocols for internetworking, i.e. for data communication between multiple networks, as well as host-to-host data transfer, and application-specific data transmission formats.
Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of electrical engineering, telecommunications, computer science, information technology or computer engineering, since it relies upon the theoretical and practical application of these disciplines.
By range
– personal area network (PAN)
– wireless PAN
– local area network (LAN)
– wireless LAN
– metropolitan area network (MAN)
– wide area network (WAN)
1.PERSONAL AREA NETWORK-The interprocessor distance is 1 meter and the processors are located within a square meter.
2.LOCAL AREA NETWORK(LAN)-The interprocessor distance is 10 meters to 1 kilometer and the processors are located in a room or a building or a campus.
3.METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK(MAN)-The interprocessor distance is 10 kilometers and the processors are located in a city.
4.WIDE AREA NETWORKS(WAN)-The interprocessor distance is from 100 kilometers to 1000 kilometers and the processors are located in a country or a continent.
5.INTERNETWORKS-The interprocessor distance is 10,000 kilometers and a popular example is the INTERNET.