Reference section

APPENDIX 1: PHONETIC TERMINOLOGY

AFFRICATE / ˈæfrɪkɪt / – a sound formed during the separation of the articulating organs/ ʧ, ʤ /

ALLOPHONE / 'æləfəʊn / – an actual sound (sounds) which represents the phoneme in speech.

ALVEOLAR / æl 'vi׃ələ /– a consonant articulated by the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, e.g. / t,d,s,z,l,n /.

ARTICULATION / ɑ׃ ˌtɪkju׃ˈleɪʃ^ən / – joint coordinated movements of speech organs in the process of pronunciation.

ASPIRATION /ˌæ spɪ ˈreɪʃ^ən/– a slight puff of breath that is heard after the explosion of / p,t,k / before the beginning of the vowel immediately following.

ASSIMILATION / əˌsɪmɪˈleɪʃ^ən / – a phonetic phenomenon of changing of a speech sound because of the influence of another speech sound next to it.

BACK VOWEL / ˌbæk 'vaʊəl / – a vowel formed with the bulk in the back part of the mouth cavity.

BACK-ADVANCED VOWEL / 'bæk əd 'vɑ׃nst 'vaʊəl / – a vowel formed with the back-advanced position of the bulk of the tongue.

BILABIAL CONSONANT / baɪ'leɪbɪəl 'kɒnsənənt / – a consonant articulated by the two lips.

BOUNDARY / 'baʊndəri / – a dividing line between sounds, syllables, intonation groups, phonoparagraphs marked by means of one or two vertical bars.

COMMUNICATIVE CENTRE / kəˈmju׃nɪkətɪv 'sentə / – a word or a group of words which conveys the most important point of communication in the sense-group or utterance.

COMMUNICATIVE TYPES / kəˈmju׃nɪkətɪv 'taɪps / – the types of utterances differentiated according to the type of intonation.

CONSONANT / 'kɒnsənənt / – a speech sound pronounced with an obstruction to the air stream.

CONSTRICTIVE-FRICATIVE CONSONANT / kən'strɪktɪv 'frɪkətɪv 'kɒnsənənt / – a consonant articulated against the upper teeth either with the tip or the blade of the tongue.

DENTAL / 'dent^əl / – a consonant articulated against the upper teeth either with the tip or the blade of the tongue.

DESCENDING SCALE / dɪ'sendɪŋ 'skeɪl /– gradual lowering of the voice pitch.

DEVOICE/₍ˌ₎ di׃ 'vɔɪs / – to pronounce with the vocal cords switched out.

DIPHTHONG / 'dɪfθɒŋ / – a complex sound consisting of two vowel elements (a nucleus and a glide) pronounced so as to form a single syllable.

DIPHTHONGOID / 'dɪfθɒŋ 'gɔɪd / – a vowel in the articulation of which the organs of speech change their position but very slightly.

DISYLLABIC / 'dɪsɪˈlæbɪk / – consisting of two syllables.

FALL / fɔ׃l / – lowering of the voice pitch within a vowel of a nuclear syllable.

FORELINGUAL / 'fɔ׃lɪŋgwəl / – a consonant articulated by the blade of the tongue, the blade with the tip or by the tip against the upper teeth or the alveolar ridge.

FRICATIVE / 'frɪkətɪv / – a consonant in the production of which the bulk of the tongue moves forward and occupies the highest position towards the hard palate.

FRONT / ˈfrʌnt / – a vowel in the production of which the bulk of the tongue moves forward and occupies the highest position towards the hard palate.

FRONT-RETRACTED / ˈfrʌnt rɪ'træktɪd /– a vowel produced with the front, but a bit retracted position of the bulk of the tongue.

GLIDE / glaɪd / – the element of a diphthong the full articulation of which is not accomplished.

INTERDENTAL / ₍ˌ₎ ɪntə 'dent^əl /– a phoneme articulation of which is characterized by the interdental position of the tip of the tongue.

INTONATION /₍ˌ₎ ɪntəʊ'neɪʃ^ən / – a complex unity of speech melody, sentence (utterance) stress, tempo with pausation, rhythm and tember.

INTONATION GROUP /₍ˌ₎ ɪntəʊ'neɪʃ^ən 'gru׃p / – an actualized sense-group.

JUNCTURE / 'ʤʌnkʧə / – the place where two sounds or words are joined together.

KINETIK / kaɪˈnetɪk / – a tone in which the pitch of the voice varies during the whole duration of the tone.

LABIALIZATION /₍ˌ₎ leɪbɪəlaɪ 'zeɪʃ^ən / – the lip rounding.

LABIALIZED /₍ˌ₎ leɪbɪəlaɪ'zd / – (of a sound) produced with a more or less lip rounding.

LATERAL – (of a sound) produced by the tongue pressed against the alveolar ridge or the teeth, and the sides of the tongue are lowered, leaving the air passage open along them.

MONOSYLLABIC / ˌmɒnəsɪ'læbɪk/ – (of a sound) having one syllable.

NASAL / 'neɪz^əl / – (of a sound) produced with the soft palate lowered while the airpassage through the mouth cavity is blocked and it passes through the nasal cavity.

NOISE CONSONANT / 'nɔɪz 'kɒnsənənt / – consonant in the production of which noise prevails over musical tone.

NUCLEAR TONE / 'nju׃klɪə 'təʊn / – a marked change of pitch which occurs on the final stressed syllable.

NUCLEUS / 'nju׃klɪəs / – the last stressed syllable of an intonation group.

OBSTRUCTION / əb'strʌkʃ^ən /– either a narrowing (incomplete obstruction) or a complete closure of speech organs (complete obstruction).

PHONEME / ˈfəʊni׃m / – the smallest linguistic unit capable of differentiating the meaning and the grammar forms of words.

PHONETIC / fəʊˈnetɪk / – of or concerning the sounds of human speech.

PITCH / pɪʧ / – the degree of highness or lowness of a musical note or speaking voice.

PITCH LEVEL / ˌpɪʧ 'lev^əl /– the pitch of the first stressed syllable or an intonation-group.

PLOSION / 'pləʊʒ^ən /– an abrupt separation of speech organs at the place of articulation.

PLOSIVE / 'pləʊsɪv/– a consonant sound made by stopping the air completely and then letting it quickly out of the mouth.

POLYSYLLABIC /₍ˌ₎ pɒlɪsɪ'læbɪk / – (of a word) that must be pronounced in more than three syllables.

POST ALVEOLAR CONSONANTS / ' pəʊst æl'vi׃ələ 'kɒnsənənts / – articulated with the tongue tip raised towards the back part of the alveolar ridge.

PREHEAD / 'pri׃hed / – any unstressed or partially stressed syllables preceding the first full stress of a tune.

PROGRESSIVE / prəʊ'gresɪv / – (of assimilation) when some articulatory features of the following sound are changed under the influence of the preceeding sound.

RECIPROCAL / rɪ'sɪ prək^əl/ – assimilation which means complex mutual influence of the adjacent sounds.

REDUCTION / rɪ' dʌkʃ^ən / – is the weakening of a sound due to a decrease in the tenseness of the speech organs resulting in the loss of some essential characteristics of the sound.

REGRESSIVE / rɪ'gresɪv / – (of assimilation) when some articulatory features of the preceding sound are changed under the influence of the following one.

RHYTHM / 'rɪðm / – regularity or periodicity in the occurence of a particular phenomenon in an utterance.

RHYTHMIC GROUP / 'rɪðmɪk 'gru׃p / – a stressed syllable with adjoining unstressed syllables which may follow or preceed the stressed one.

SCALE / skeɪl / – a series of stressed and unstressed syllables beginning with the first stressed syllable up to the last stressed syllable.

SLIDING SCALE / 'slaɪdɪŋ ˌskeɪl / – a descending series of stressed syllables pronounced with downward slides, so that each slide begins a little higher than the end of the preceding one.

SONORANT / 'sɒnərənt / – a speech sound intermediate between noise consonants and vowels as they have articulatory features in common with both.

STANDARD PRONUNCIATION / 'stændəd prəˌnʌnsɪeɪʃn / – the type of pronunciation which is the most widely understood in England and in English speaking countries and traditionally taught to foreigners.

STEPPING SCALE / 'stepɪŋ ˌskeɪl / – a series of stressed and unstressed syllables in which pitch descends in "steps"; i.e. pitch movement within each stressed syllable is level, and the following stressed syllable is pitched a little lower while the unstressed syllables are pronounced on the same pitch as the preceding stressed syllables.

SYLLABLE / 'sɪləbl /– one or more speech sounds forming a single uninterrupted unit of utterance, which may be a whole word or a commonly recognized and separable subdivision of a word or a word form.

TAIL / teɪl /– the unstressed or half-stressed syllables that follow the nucleus.

TEETH-RIDGE / 'ti׃θ ˌrɪʤ / – a part of the hard palate immediately behind the upper front teeth.

TEMPO / 'tempəʊ / – the rate at which utterances and their smaller units are pronounced.

TERMINAL TONE / 'tɜ׃mɪnəl 'təʊn / – a change of pitch at the junction of two intonation groups.

TONE / 'təʊn / – a stress considered from the point of view of the pitch or pitch-change associated with it.

TUNE / tju׃n/ – an intonation group containing one or more kinetic tones.

UTTERANCE STRESS / 'ʌtərəns ˌstres / – the special prominence given to one or more words in an utterance.

VOCAL CORDS / 'vəʊk^əl ˌkɔ׃dz / – two elastic folds which may be kept apart or

brought together.

VOICED / ˈvɔɪst / – sounds in the production of which the vocal cords vibrate.

VOICELESS / 'vɔɪslɪs / – sounds in the production of which the vocal cords do not vibrate.

WORD STRESS / 'wɜ׃d ˌstres / – the special prominence given to one or more syllables in a word.

APPENDIX 2: THE REFERENCE TABLE OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS

Single vowels

Diphthongs

Consonants

Stress-tone marks

Letters of the alphabet

APPENDIX 3: The questions to be Discussed during the credit

1. Phonetics as a science. Branches of phonetics.

2. Styles of pronunciation.

3. Speech sounds (phoneme, allophone).

4. Phonetic structure of the English language.

5. Transcription. Types of transcription. Diacritical marks.

6. Speech sounds (phoneme, allophone). Speech organs.

7. Articulation basis of the English language.

8. A vowel. Groups of vowel phonemes.

9. Classification of vowels.

10. Rules of syllabic division. Specific causes.

11. Reading of vowels (stressed and unstressed position).

12. Reduction of vowel phonemes. Historical reduction. Living reduction. Zero reduction.

13. A consonant. Classification of consonant phonemes.

14.Loss of plosion and fricative plosion.

15.Nasal plosion and lateral plosion.

16. Palatalisation and palatal mutation. Dark and light shades of the sound /1/.

17. Aspiration. Degrees of aspiration.

18. Assimilation.

19. Sonorant. Syllable-forming sonants / m, n, 1 /.

20. Elision (deletion) of consonant clusters and complete reduction of vowel phonemes. Historical elision. Living elision.

21. Accomodation.

22. Insertion ( epenthesis) or development of a sound or letter in the body of a word.

APPENDIX 4: TO BE MEMORIZED

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