Overlap; covers; far from; organic

Передмова

Метою «Методичних вказівок» є формування впродовж 72 годин аудиторних занять у студентів (вхідний рівень володіння мовою – В1) вмінь та навичок читання, письма та говоріння за тематикою спеціальності «Хімічна технологія неорганічних речовин» на ІІ курсі навчання Інституту хімічних і фармацевтичних технологій» (вихідний рівень володіння мовою – В2). За рахунок тренування і виконання читання текстів і комунікативних завдань студенти зможуть досягти практичного володіння англійською мовою за фахом.

Практичне володіння іноземною мовою в рамках даного курсу припускає наявність таких умінь в різних видах мовної комунікації, які дають можливість:

- вільно читати оригінальну літературу іноземною мовою у відповідній галузі знань;

- оформляти витягнуту з іноземних джерел інформацію у вигляді перекладу або резюме;

- робити повідомлення і доповіді іноземною мовою на теми, пов’язані з науковою роботою майбутнього фахівця;

- вести бесіду за фахом.

Кожний урок складається з тексту й комплекса мовних вправ, які розраховані на удосконалення навичок активізації словарного і граматичного мінімуму професійного спрямування.

«Методичні вказівки» забезпечують підготовку до міжнародного усного і письмового спілкування англійською мовою для спеціальних цілей, а саме – оволодіння лексичними, граматичними і стилістичними навичками, а також умінням розмовляти, читати, переписуватися, перекладати, конспектувати, згортати і розгортати усну і письмову англомовну інформацію наукового функціонального стилю, що передбачено вимогами Програми вивчення іноземних мов у нефілологічгому ВУЗі.

 

 

Lesson 1

 

 

Read the text: Inorganic Chemistry. Part I.

 

конецформыначалоформыInorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds. This field covers all chemical compounds except the myriad organic compounds (compounds containing C-H bonds), which are the subjects of organic chemistry. The distinction between the two disciplines is far from absolute, and there is much overlap, most importantly in the sub-discipline of organometallic

The bulk of inorganic compounds occur as salts, the combination of cations and anions joined by ionic bonding. Examples of cations are sodium Na+, and magnesium Mg2+ and examples of anions are oxide O2− and chloride Cl. As salts are neutrally charged, these ions form compounds such as sodium oxide Na2O or magnesium chloride MgCl2. The ions are described by their oxidation state and their ease of formation can be inferred from the ionization potential (for cations) or from the electron affinity (anions) of the parent elements.

Important classes of inorganic compounds are the oxides, the carbonates, the sulfates and the halides. Many inorganic compounds are characterized by high melting points. Inorganic salts typically are poor conductors in the solid state. Another important feature is their solubility in e.g. water (see: solubility chart), and ease of crystallization. Where some salts (e.g. NaCl) are very soluble in water, others (e.g. SiO2) are not.

The simplest inorganic reaction is double displacement when in mixing of two salts the ions are swapped without a change in oxidation state. In redox reactions one reactant, the oxidant, lowers its oxidation state and another reactant, the reductant, has its oxidation state increased. The net result is an exchange of electrons. Electron exchange can occur indirectly as well, e.g. in batteries, a key concept in electrochemistry.

 

I. Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1.Read and memorize using a dictionary:

 

property, ionic bonding, sodium oxide, oxidation, state, melting point, solubility, double displacement, redox reaction, electron exchange, reductant.

 

Exercise 2.Answer the questions:

 

1) What is the problem of inorganic chemistry?

2) What does the bulk of inorganic compounds occur as?

3) What are the most important features of inorganic compounds?

4) Where can electron exchange occur indirectly?

 

II. Speaking Exercises:

Exercise 1.Describe inorganic compound; solubility; redox reaction using the suggested words and expressionsas in example:

 

 

inorganic compound salt; combination of cations and anions; ionic bounding; sodium; oxide neutrally charged example: The bulk of inorganic compounds occur as salts, the combination of cations and anions joined by ionic bonding. The example of cations is sodium Na+ and the example of anion is oxide O2−. As any salt is neutrally charged, these ions form a compound such as sodium oxide Na2O.

Solubility

important feature; crystallization; soluble in water

 

Redox reaction

oxidant; oxidation state; reductant; exchange of electrons; batteries

 

III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1.Complete the sentences with the suggested words:

overlap; covers; far from; organic.

This field _________ all chemical compounds except the myriad organic compounds which are the subjects of _________ chemistry. The distinction between the two disciplines is __________ absolute, and there is much _________.

 

Exercise 2. Compose a story on one of the topics (up to 40 words):

 

“Classes of inorganic chemistry”

“The simpliest organic reaction”

“Inorganic chemical compounds”

 

Lesson 2

 

 

 

 

Read the text: Inorganic Chemistry. Part IІ.

 

When one reactant contains hydrogen atoms, a reaction can take place by exchanging protons in acid-base chemistry. In a more general definition, an acid can be any chemical species capable of binding to electron pairs is called a Lewis acid; conversely any molecule that tends to donate an electron pair is referred to as a Lewis base. As a refinement of acid-base interactions, the HSAB theory takes into account polarizability and size of ions.

Inorganic compounds are found in nature as minerals. Soil may contain iron sulfide as pyrite or calcium sulfate as gypsum. Inorganic compounds are also found multitasking as biomolecules: as electrolytes (sodium chloride), in energy storage (ATP) or in construction (the polyphosphate backbone in DNA).

The first important man-made inorganic compound was ammonium nitrite for soil fertilization through the Haber process. Inorganic compounds are synthesized for use as catalysts such as vanadium(V) oxide and titanium(III) chloride, or as reagents in organic chemistry such as lithium aluminium hydride.

Subdivisions of inorganic chemistry are organometallic chemistry, cluster chemistry and bioinorganic chemistry. These fields are active areas research in inorganic chemistry, aimed toward new catalysts, superconductors, and therapies.

Inorganic chemistry is a highly practical area of science. Traditionally, the scale of a nation's economy could be evaluated by their productivity of sulfuric acid. The top 20 inorganic chemicals manufactured in Canada, China, Europe, Japan, and the US (2005 data): aluminium sulfate, ammonia, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, carbon black, chlorine, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphoric acid, sodium carbonate, sodium chlorate, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, sodium sulfate, sulfuric acid, and titanium dioxide.

 

I. Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1.Read and memorize using a dictionary:

 

hydrogen atom, exchanging protons, acid, chemical species, electron pairs, to donate, acid-base interaction, energy storage, man-made, soil fertilization, catalyst, cluster chemistry, productivity of sulfuric acid

 

Exercise 2.Match the left part with the right:

 

1. Any molecule that tends to donate a electron pair a) as minerals.
2. The scale of nation’s economy could be evaluated by b) is referred to as Lewis base.
3. Subdivisions of inorganic chemistry are c) their productivity of sulfuric acid.
4. Inorganic compounds are found in nature d) organometallic chemistry, cluster chemistry and bioinorganic chemistry.

 

Exercise 3.Open brackets choosing the right words:

 

Inorganic compounds are also found (multitasking/unitasking) as biomolecules: as electrolytes, in (energy/catalysts) storage or in (construction/distruction).

 

 

II. Speaking Exercises:

Exercise 1.Ask questions to the given answers:

 

1) Question: ___________________________________________ ?

Answer: The top 20 inorganic chemicals are manufactured in Canada, China, Europe, Japan and the US.

2) Question: ___________________________________________ ?

Answer: Any chemical species capable of binding to electron pairs is called a Lewis acid.

3) Question: ___________________________________________ ?

Answer: Soil may contain iron sulfide as pyrite or calcium sulfate as gypsum.

 

III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1.Complete the sentences with the suggested words: