Inorganic synthetic methods

to be classified; volatility; solubility; reactant; to be prepared; organic synthesis

Volatile compounds

to be manipulated; to consist of; glass piping; valve; entirety; less

Temperature zone

products; reactant; to transport; to drive reaction

III. Writing Exercises:

Exercise 1.Complete the sentences with the suggested words:

Air; compounds; glass piping; manipulated; metal; synthesis

Soluble inorganic ________ are prepared using methods of organic ________. For _______-containing compounds that are reactive toward _______, Schlenk line and glove box techniques are followed. Volatile compounds and gases are _______ in “vacuum manifolds” consisting of ________ interconnected through valves.

Exercise 2. Compose a story on one of the topics (up to 40 words):

“Principles of classification of inorganic synthetic methods”

“Area of catalysis”

Lesson 9

Read the text:Characterization of inorganic compounds

Because of the diverse range of elements and the correspondingly diverse properties of the resulting derivatives, inorganic chemistry is closely associated with many methods of analysis. Older methods tended to examine bulk properties such as the electrical conductivity of solutions, melting points, solubility, and acidity. With the advent of quantum theory and the corresponding expansion of electronic apparatus, new tools have been introduced to probe the electronic properties of inorganic molecules and solids. Often these measurements provide insights relevant to theoretical models. For example, measurements on the photoelectron spectrum of methane demonstrated that describing the bonding by the two-center, two-electron bonds predicted between the carbon and hydrogen using Valence Bond Theory is not appropriate for describing ionisation processes in a simple way. Such insights led to the popularization of molecular orbital theory as fully delocalised orbitals are a more appropriate simple description of electron removal and electron excitation.

Commonly encountered techniques are:

· X-ray crystallography: This technique allows for the 3D determination of molecular structures.

· Various forms of spectroscopy

· Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy: Historically, this has been an important tool, since many inorganic compounds are strongly colored

· NMR spectroscopy: Besides ¹H and ¹³C many other "good" NMR nuclei (e.g. ¹¹B, ¹⁹F, ³¹P, and ¹⁹⁵Pt) give important information on compound properties and structure. Also the NMR of paramagnetic species can result in important structural information. Proton NMR is also important because the light hydrogen nucleus is not easily detected by X-ray crystallography.

· Infrared spectroscopy: Mostly for absorptions from carbonyl ligands

· Electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy

· Mössbauer spectroscopy

· Electron-spin resonance: ESR (or EPR) allows for the measurement of the environment of paramagnetic metal centres.

· Electrochemistry: Cyclic voltammetry and related techniques probe the redox characteristics of compounds.

I. Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1.Read and memorize using a dictionary:

derivatives, bulk properties, electrical conductivity, melting point, solubility, acidity, quantum theory, tools, solids, measurements, photoelectron spectrum, two-electron bonds, ionization process, insights, spectroscopy, paramagnetic species, light hydrogen nucleus, carbonyl ligands, cyclic voltammetry redox characteristics

Exercise 2.Answer the questions:

1) What encountered techniques do you know?

2) What can you say about the abilities of older methods of investigation?

3) What does electron-spin resonance allow?

4) What is the purpose of electrochemistry?

Exercise 3.Open brackets choosing the right words:

Such insights led to the (rejecting/popularization) of molecular orbital theory as (fully/partially) delocalized orbitals are a more appropriate simple (production/description) of electron removal and electron excitation.

II. Speaking Exercises:

Exercise 1.Describe quantum theory; X-ray crystallography; NMR spectroscopy; ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy; photoelectron spectrumusing the suggected words and expressionsas in example:

Quantum theory

advent; expansion; new tools; to probe; solids; measurements; insights; theoretical models

example: With the advent of quantum theory and the corresponding expansion of electronic apparatus, new tools have been introduced to probe the electronic properties of inorganic molecules and solids. Often these measurements provide insights relevant to theoretical models.

X-ray crystallography

technique; determination; structure

NMR spectroscopy

nuclei; information; compound properties; paramagnetic species; proton; light hydrogen nucleus; detect