ГЛАГОЛЫ TO BE , TO HAVE , TO DO
Примечание
1) Глагол may может выступать также в качестве вспомогательного глагола, образуя форму сослагательного наклонения, главным образом в придаточных предложениях цели после that, so that, lest и в придаточных уступительных после whatever, however и т.п. В таких случаях may не переводится.
They are determined to achieve this Они полны решимости добиться этой aim, however difficult it may seem. цели, какой бы трудной она не казалась.
2) После глаголов сап и may слово well означает вполне, с успехом.
Для передачи значений глагола may употребляются сочетания to be allowed (to) и to be permitted (to).
We were allowed to stay up till 11 last Прошлой ночью нам позволили оста- night. ваться до 11 часов.
■ Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на устойчивые словосочетания с глаголами may и might.
1. I might as well take it with me.
2. "П1 go at six". "That's far too late. You might just as well not go at all."
3. "He'll drive you out on Tuesday, so you may as well make up your mind to leave now".
4. "How did you get on?" he said. "It might have been worse, I suppose."
■ Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. This may well be his last public appearance.
2. Anyway, just to begin with, don't you think you might treat me as a moral equal?
3. They may not like everything he's doing, but they'll be ready to forgive him.
4. They were not an organized group; in numbers they might be less than thirty, but they were articulate and unconstrained.
5. These are hard words and may not be altogether fair.
6. At this point I might perhaps say that I do believe that the novel has a future, even though it has only a very shaky present.
7. Не sounded innocent, but, though he might not be capable of making decisions, he was entirely capable of pushing them out of sight.
8. The desert, being an unwanted place, might well be the last stand of life against unlike.
9. It appears that the total activity in the economy of the country may not have increased very much, if at all.
10. It is possible that in accordance with this plan, investments may have to be made which do not rapidly lead to a rise in the standard of living.
11. There were signs that this tour might have marked a turning point.
12. He might have fallen into the trap, but he understood the danger in time.
13. The knowledge that he had entirely lost touch with the audience may have been the cause.
14. He was an observant and suspicious man, and he might have had his suspicions sharpened by unhappiness.
15.1 may not have had a very distinguished career, but I certainly have nothing to be ashamed of.
Глагол must
Основное значение глагола must — долженствование. Кроме того, глагол must (в утвердительной форме) часто употребляется в значении предположения со значительной долей уверенности и переводится словами должно быть, вероятно, по всей вероятности и т.п. Перфектный инфинитив в сочетании с must означает, что предполагаемое действие относится к прошедшему времени.
They must have known about it for Они, должно быть, уже в течение не-
а certain time. которого времени знали об этом.
Глагол must также выражает необходимость, обязательность, долг.
Не must write. Не must earn money. Он должен писать. Он должен зарабатывать деньги.
Употребляясь в утвердительном предложении, must может выражать распоряжение, настоятельную просьбу.
You must leave the room at once. Ты должен немедленно выйти из ком
наты.
You must come to see me every vaca- Ты должен приезжать ко мне в каж- tion. дые каникулы.
Употребляясь в отрицательном предложении, глагол must выражает запрет.
You must not speak to a prisoner in а Вы не должны говорить с заключен- foreign language, ma'am. ным на иностранном языке, мадам.
Примечание
Предположение со значительной долей уверенности, относящееся к прошлому, может также передаваться глаголом will с перфектным инфинитивом.
Some kind of decision will have been К настоящему времени какое-то ре- taken by now. шение уже, наверное, принято (...ве
роятно, они уже приняли какое-то решение).
Модальность выражают и модальные эквиваленты to have и to be, выражающие долженствование. Сочетание с глаголом to be может также выражать необходимость как нечто ожидаемое, предстоящее, предусмотренное — то, что должно обязательно совершиться в силу договоренности, приказа или предписания. Особенно следует обратить внимание на это сочетание в условных предложениях, в которых оно выражает желание. Сочетание с глаголом to have выражает необходимость, вытекающую из каких-либо обстоятельств.
Помимо эквивалентов to have/to be + инфинитив широко употребляются также сочетания с модальными словами likely, unlikely, а также с глаголами, имеющими модальное лексическое значение, поскольку они выражают случайность, необходимость, видимость и т.п. Сюда можно отнести сочетания
to be obliged / to be bound + инфинитив и обороты с глаголами to seem, to appear, to prove, to find.
She is not likely to come so late.
We were to meet at the entrance of the theatre at a quarter to eight.
Did you have to walk all the way home?
He is bound to go, and nothing can stop him.
Маловероятно, что она придет так поздно.
Мы должны были встретиться у входа в театр без четверти восемь.
Вы должны были идти пешком всю дорогу домой?
Он намерен идти, и ничто не может остановить его.
■ Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. I hope you must know what I mean, Edward — it's very hard that in my house I may not have a word to say about domestic matters.
2. You must always be ready for a chance that may never come.
3. The hard fact must be faced that if we want a national opera and ballet company, subsidies are necessary, and on a bigger scale than at present.
4. The essence of drama is movement, but that movement must be held in check, firmly controlled.
5. Tell me how you have kept your youth. You must know some secret.
6. It is for the few to know that in the great old days of Virginia there were three punishments for high crimes — death, exile to Texas, and imprisonment, in that order. And some deportees must have descendants.
7. He must have been enraged by the choice he had to make.
8. I must have crossed the river, but I couldn't see it. I never see it.
9. The attack must have been — one didn't need to be a doctor to see it — graver than we had officially been told.
10.It must have been years since anyone made me that particular reproach.
11.After a review of the state of national economies in the EEC, the ministers agreed that the fight against inflation must remain the first priority of member states.
12. It must have been hard for them to agree to this resolution, but at that time there was no alternative course open to them.
13. And now I must go back to my social duties.
14. Education is indispensable for whatever career you select, and it must not be sketchy.
15. Something important must have been arriving from Europe by air, for there was a policeman passing the pavements every 20 yards along the road.
16. "Have you seen him?" Martini asked. "No, he was to have met me here the next morning."
17. I wouldn't look through the letters — disappointment had to be postponed, hope kept alive as long as possible.
■ Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на устойчивые словосочетания с глаголом must.
1. "Well, I must be off," said Lawson.
2. "But he was more tolerable than I expected tonight, I must say," she said.
3. She rose and said, "I must be going as soon as Rome comes down."
4. He must need go there.
5. I must tell you I sympathize with her attitude.
■ Упражнение 3. Приведите соответствия пословицам.
1. If you want to eat the fruit, you must learn to climb the tree.
2. As you make your bed, so you must lie on it.
3. As you brew, so you must drink.
Глагол ought
Глагол ought (to) выражает долг, моральное обязательство совершить действие. Он употребляется в сочетании с инфинитивом с частицей to.
Children ought to obey their parents. Дети должны слушаться своих родителей (подчиняться своим родителям).
В сочетании с перфектным инфинитивом выражает упрек, сожаление о том, что сделано или не сделано.
Nick ought to have kept his word. Нику следовало сдержать слово. Те- Now we shan't believe him. перь мы не будем доверять ему.
■ Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. She ought to have known that the whole subject was too dangerous to discuss at night.
2. When their visitor disappeared, John and his mother stood without speaking till he said suddenly, "I ought to have seen him out."
3. Really, Ronald ought to have taught you better manners.
4. Yet he failed somehow in spite of the mediocrity, which ought to have insured any man a success.
5. I really ought not to have bored you at the end of a long day with those passages of my brother's diary. It was unpardonable.
6. I ought to have known this would happen.
7. He ought to have come himself. He ought to have.
8. They ought to have asked my advice.
9. You ought to say a word or two about yourself.
10. He oughtn't to mention it to anybody.
11. People ought to vote even if they don't agree with any of the candidates.
12. It's murder, and we ought to stop it.
13. It is I who ought to feel hurt at not getting his message.
14. You ought never to have married me, David. It was a great mistake.
15. I think you ought to show some respect for the dead.
Глаголы shall, will
Модальный глагол shall употребляется для выражения необходимости, обязательства в сочетании с местоимениями во 2-м и 3-м лице.
The child has been very lazy, so he Ребенок очень ленив (ленился), no- shall not get any sweets. этому он не получит сладостей.
Употребляясь в вопросительном предложении, в сочетании с местоимениями 2-го и 3-го лица единственного числа, shall также выражает необходимость.
Shall I read it again? Shall he go there right away?
Мне читать еще раз? Ему идти туда сейчас?
Модальный глагол will употребляется в утвердительных и отрицательных предложениях в сочетании с местоимениями в 1-м лице для выражения намерения, решимости.
I will go there by all means. I won't detain you any longer.
Я непременно поеду туда. Я больше не задержу вас.
■ Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на передачу модального значения глаголами shall и will, выражающими намерение, приказание, общепринятый порядок.
1. I want to be helpful to you both, if you will let me.
2. Well, I wish it could come all over again. Tell me how I can serve you. I will do anything you say to wipe out my mistake.
3. I won't have him in my office a day longer.
4. All right! I will send the letter first thing tomorrow morning. I will do that without fail.
5. You've stopped him doing what he wanted to. I won't answer for the consequences.
6. Listen, what shall I do when I'm introduced? Ought to shake hands? Or what?
7. I shall act and I shall act promptly. If the tree is rotten, it shall be cut down and cast into flames.
8. He shall not get away with it this time. He shall pay for it, he shall!
9. The Treaty of Lausanne laid down in Article 27, that Turkey shall not intervene in the affair of Cyprus.
10. Everyone can add something to knowledge if he will make use of the opportunities richly offered by Nature.
11. You shall repent of this neglect of duty, Mr. Zummer.
12. It's no use trying to open the door, it will not open.
13. You shall do as you like now and always, my beloved child. I only wish to do as my darling pleases.
14. I am an Englishman, and I will suffer no priest to interfere in my business.
15. "Give us drink and you shall hear all about it," said Campion with his crooked grin.
■ Упражнение 2. Переведите пословицы на русский язык. Найдите им соответствия в русском языке.
1. Friends may meet, but mountains never.
2. A fool may ask more questions than a wise man can answer.
3. Who seeks blows shall perish by blows.
4. He who would search for pearls must dive below.
5. What can't be cured must be endured.
6. If we can't as we would, we must do as we can.
7. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
8. The beggar may sing before the thief.
9. Bad seed must produce bad corn.
10. Accidents will happen.
11. It would make even a cat laugh.
12. The cat would eat fish but would not wet her feet.
Модальные глаголы (сводная таблица)
| Глагол |
| Оттенки значения |
Возможные способы перевода
| сап be able to can (may) сап may |
физическая, умственная спо- мочь, быть способным собность
возможность (в силу обстоя- мочь, иметь возможность тельств)
возможность (благодаря разре- можно (мочь) шению)
| may might could |
неуверенность, незнание может быть (но я не знаю), по
жалуй
предположение с большой сте- может быть и так, вряд ли... пенью сомнения
Окончание таблицы
| Глагол | Оттенки значения | Возможные способы перевода |
| can't | удивление, неверие | возможно ли? неужели? не может быть |
| couldn't | уверенность в невозможности | не может быть, не мог |
| must | почти полная уверенность | должно быть, очевидно |
| must mustn't to be not to | долг, обязанность, необходимость | должен |
| may not | невозможность (в силу запрета) | ни в коем случае, нельзя |
| ought | моральный долг, моральная обязанность | должен |
| should | совет, рекомендация, обязанность | должен, следует, обязан |
| have to have got to | необходимость (в силу обстоятельств) | должен, вынужден, приходится |
| to be to | запланированная необходимость | должен, нужно |
| needn't don't have to shouldn't ought not to didn't need to | отсутствие необходимости | не нужно, не следует, не должен |
| shall | необходимость, обязательство | обязательно |
| will | намерение, решимость | обязательно, непременно |
| won't | отсутствие намерения | никоим образом |
■ Упражнение 1. Переведите текст, обращая внимание на значение модальных глаголов.
A Telephone Call
If I didn't think about it, the telephone might ring. Sometimes it does that. If I could think of something else.
This is the last time Г11 look at the clock. I will not look at it again. It's ten minutes past seven. He said he would telephone at five o'clock, "I'll call you at five, darling." He was busy, and he can't say much in the office, but he called me "darling" twice.
I know you shouldn't keep telephoning them — I know they don't like it. But I hadn't talked to him in three days. And all I did was ask him how he was. He couldn't have minded that. He couldn't have thought I was bothering him. And he said he'd telephone me. He did not have to say that. I did not ask him to.
I must stop. I must think about something else. This is what I'll do. I'll put the clock in the other room. Then I can't look at it. If I do have to look at it, then I'll have to walk into the bedroom, and that will be something to do. May be before I look at it again, he'll call me. I'll be so sweet to him. If he says, he can't see me tonight, I'll say, "Why, that's all right, dear." Then he may like me again.
I think he must still like me a little. He couldn't have called me "darling" if he didn't still like me a little.
May be he isn't going to call. He may be coming straight up here without telephoning.
Something might have happened to him. May be he went home to telephone me from there, and somebody came in. He does not like to telephone me in front of people. He might even hope that I would call him up. I could do that. I could telephone him.
I won't telephone him. I'll never telephone him as long as I live!
Oh, what does pride matter when I can't stand it if I don't talk to him? This is such a little thing, I may have misunderstood him. He may have said, "Call me at five, darling." I'm almost sure that's what he said. Why can't I be natural just because I love him?
I'll count five hundred by fives. I'll do it so slowly and so fairly. If he hasn't telephoned then, I'll call him. I will.
(D. Parker)
ГЛАГОЛЫ TO BE , TO HAVE , TO DO
Глаголы to be, to have, to do выполняют различные синтаксические функции. В зависимости от роли в предложении они сохраняют, теряют или изменяют свое первоначальное значение. Для правильного перевода этих глаголов важно уметь быстро и точно определять их роль в предложении: функции и значения этих глаголов, равно как и их перевод, резко меняются в зависимости от того, какое слово следует за этими глаголами.
5 Зак. 2642
Глагол to be
Функции в предложении
1. СМЫСЛОВОЙ ГЛАГОЛ
|
You are to take a spoonful of this medicine after each meal. Вам нужно принимать это лекарство после каждого приема пищи.
Responsibilities and obligations possessed by companies are to be envied. Можно позавидовать той ответственности и тем обязанностям, которые имеют компании.
Глагол to have
| Окончание таблицы |
Функции в предложении
1. СМЫСЛОВОЙ ГЛАГОЛ
|
| 3. В УСТОЙЧИВЫХ СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯХ |
Значение глагола to have сливается со значением его прямого дополнения — существительного. Такие сочетания имеют устойчивый характер и зарегистрированы в словарях.
Did you have dinner? Ты пообедал?
Let's have a walk. Давай прогуляемся.
Переводится путем образования однокоренного глагола, соответствующего по значению прямому дополнению.
Окончание таблицы
4. МОДАЛЬНЫЙ ГЛАГОЛ
Признак: за ним следует инфинитив с частицей to; выражает необходимость, побуждение или содействие осуществлению действия, действие, совершенное по инициативе лица, выраженного подлежащим, действие, совершенное помимо (независимо от) воли или желания лица, выраженного подлежащим, и направленное на него.
Не has to come here daily. Ему следует приходить сюда каждый день.
We had to change the design of the machine to fit it to the needs of our plant. Нам пришлось изменить конструкцию станка, чтобы приспособить его к нуждам нашего завода.
We had them beaten this time. На этот раз мы сделали (устроили) так, чтобы они проиграли.
The town council has had three houses built in this district. Городской муниципалитет построил три дома в этом районе.
We had a note handed to us. Нам вручили записку.
Переводится глаголами настоящего времени должен, следует, придется, надо или прошедшего времени должен был, пришлось; с изменением структуры предложения.
Глагол to do
Функции в предложении
| 1. СМЫСЛОВОЙ ГЛАГОЛ | ||
| Признак: употребляется в роли простого сказуемого. | I do my work honestly. Я выполняю свою работу честно. | Переводится глаголами делать, выполнять. |
| 2. ВСПОМОГАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ГЛАГОЛ |
Признак: участвует в образовании вопросительных и отрицательных форм глаголов в настоящем и прошедшем временах группы времен Indefinite.
Do you study English or German?
Вы изучаете английский или немецкий?
I didn't go to the University yesterday.
Вчера я не ходил в университет.
На русский язык не переводится.
Признак: употребляется в личной форме перед смысловым глаголом; имеет эмоционально-усилительную функцию, подчеркивает побуждение к действию или просьбу (в повелительном наклонении)^
Do come to this lecture. Приходите же на эту лекцию.
In fact his words did show that he was reluctant to get involved.
| Окончание таблицы |
| 3. ГЛАГОЛ-УСИЛИТЕЛЬ |
На самом же деле его слова действительно показали, что он не хочет участвовать в этом (иметь с этим дело).
Переводится с помощью усилительных наречий действительно, все-таки, ведьу частицы же.
4. ГЛАГОЛ-ЗАМЕСТИТЕЛЬ
Признак: выполняет функцию самостоятельного члена предложения (сказуемого) и потому выделяется ударением.
Did the Foreign Secretary know that such an arrangement existed? His replies in Parliament yesterday clearly implied that he did. Знал ли министр иностранных дел, что существует такая договоренность? Из его ответов в парламенте вчера можно было ясно понять, что он знал.
Переводится либо соответствующим глаголом, предложением или не переводится совсем; в сочетании со словом so переводится сделать это.
Сравнительная таблица употребления глаголов to be , to have , to do
| To be | То have | То do |
| 1. СМЫСЛОВОЙ ГЛАГОЛ | ||
| My book is on the table. | I have a nice family. | I do my morning exercises |
| Моя книга на столе. | У меня прекрасная семья. | every day. |
| Каждый день я делаю за | ||
| рядку. |
| 2. ГЛАГОЛ-СВЯЗКА |
Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy. Великобритания — конституционная монархия.
| Окончание таблицы
|
| ■ Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции глаголов to be, to have, to do. |
1. I'm sorry, Major, we had an agreement — I was to do the questioning here.
2. Changes seem inevitable but no one can say what. But changes there must be if confidence in the board is to be restored and it is to function properly.
3. White-collar workers are to meet on May 8 to formulate their reply to the company on the following day.
4. Their initial goal is to end three years of budget deficits and inflation by the end of this year.
5. Another poor sign: once a rice exporting country, last year Madagascar had to import 170,000 tons.
6. To meet the export requirements, the domestic consumption has had to be curtailed.
7. He is not half as worried as the old age pensioners, the housewives and workers who are having to pay the increased prices.
8. All the same the state of the economy and the general trend of national politics do have some influence on the voters.
9. The UNO representative pointed out that Governments of the developing countries are unable to assure adequate food supplies — and will be unable to do so in the foreseeable future.
10. I don't take much exercise now, but I did play football quite a bit when I was younger.
11. English painting takes on in the course of the time the complexity and waywardness which are rather to be termed "romantic".
12. If I had to make the choice again, I should have done the same.
13. I mean, we have to start working out some alternative and it will have to be done at once.
14. The delegation was to have left Minsk on Tuesday.
15. The arrangement was that you were to give your views and I was to say what I thought of them.
16.1 just mention it because you said I was to give you all the details I could.
17. He can never see further than the end of his nose, and I've always had to take care that he didn't trip over the obvious and hurt himself.
18. "Good God, surely I don't have to explain why I want a walk."
19. Why should I have to do everything?
20. Be this as it may, the fact remains that the inmates of the Grand Hotel were for the most part women.
■ Упражнение 2. Переведите текст, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и конструкции.
Scientific Communication
For scientific research communication is essential. Science is to be characterized as "public knowledge". In other words the aim of the scientist is to create, criticize, or contribute to a rational consensus of ideas and information. If you accept this as a general notion, you will agree that the results of research become completely scientific only when they are published.
Our present system of scientific communication depends almost entirely on the "primary literature". This has three characteristics: it is fragmentary, derivative, and edited. These characteristics are quite essential.
a) A regular journal carries from one research worker to another the various discoveries, deductions, speculations and observations which are of common interest. Although the best and most famous scientific discoveries seem to open whole new windows of the mind, a typical scientific paper has never pretended to be more than another little piece in a larger jigsaw — not significant in itself but as an element in a grander scheme. Primary scientific papers are not meant to be final statements of indisputable truths: each is merely a tiny tentative step forward through the jungles of ignorance.
b) Scientific papers are derivative, and very largely unoriginal because they lean heavily on previous research. The evidence for this is plain to see, in the long list of citations that must always be published with every new contribution. It is very rare to find a reputable paper that contains no references to other research. Indeed, one relies on the citations to show its place in the whole scientific structure.
c) The editing of the scientific literature is a more delicate matter. The author presents an entirely false picture of his actual procedure of discovery. All the false starts, the mistakes, the unnecessary complications, the difficulties and hesitations are hidden. All is made easy, simple and apparently inevitable. Considering all this, external censorship of scientific papers is an essential element of our system of scientific publication. We must be able to rely on the basic accuracy and honesty of what we read in other people's papers, for we are always using their results in the construction of our own researches, and simply cannot find the time to repeat all their experiments, measurements, calculations or arguments for ourselves. The communication problem would be ten times worse if there were no scrutiny by expert referees.
Страдательный залог
Глагол претерпевает изменения, чтобы выразить время действия, и изменяет форму, чтобы показать залог.
Залог — это категория глагола, которая показывает отношение действия к подлежащему как к субъекту или объекту. Действительный залог (Active Voice) показывает, что предмет или лицо, являющееся подлежащим, производит действие.
Ted washed his car.
A famous scientist made this experiment.
Тед вымыл свою машину.
Известный ученый провел (произвел) этот эксперимент (опыт).
Страдательный залог (Passive Voice) показывает, что предмет или лицо, являющееся подлежащим, подвергается действию.
The car was washed by Ted. Машина была вымыта Тедом.
The experiment was made by a famous Эксперимент (опыт) был произведен scientist. (производился) знаменитым ученым.