Complex Subject в определительных придаточных предложениях
Оборот Complex Subject также часто встречается в определительных придаточных предложениях. В этом случае сказуемое не выносится вперед, а после слова «который» переводится вводным предложением типа «как говорят», «как кажется».
The paper which is reported to be published is interesting-Статья, которая, как сообщают, опубликована, интересна.
В определительных придаточных предложениях со сложным подлежащим слова which is (was)могут быть опущены; в предложении при этом остается только причастие прошедшего времени или наречие. Такое предложение переводится так, как если бы оно было полным.
The paper reported to be published is interesting.-Статья, которая, как сообщают, опубликована, интересна.
The paper (which is) likely to be published is interesting. -Статья, которая, вероятно будет опубликована, интересна.
СЛОЖНЫЙ ИНФИНИТИВНЫЙ ОБОРОТ С ПРЕДЛОГОМ FOR.
В состав этого комплекса входят предлог for,который стоит перед существительным в общем падеже или местоимением в объектном падеже, и инфинитив. Этот оборот употребляется тогда, когда действие, выраженное инфинитивом, совершается не подлежащим, а другим лицом, переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением с союзом «что» или «чтобы».
For the method to be useful, it must be developed.– Чтобы этот метод был полезен, его надо усовершенствовать.
Two hours were sufficient for the paper to be translated.-Хватило двух часов, чтобы статья была переведена.
It is not safe for him to work with this agent -Ему небезопасно работать с этим препаратом.
A. Lactation Tetany
The lactation tetany is known to be a highly fatal disease of all classes of ruminants. It reaches its highest incidence in lactating cows. To fight it we have to know that this disease occurs not only at pasture but we can observe it in housed cattle too.
The morbidity rate is highly variable, some researchers observed it to reach as high as 12 per cent in individual herds, and up to 2 per cent in particular areas. They believed the lactation tetany to affect cattle and sheep turned out to pastures in the early spring after wintering indoors, and in late autumn. Most cases are known to occur during the first 2 weeks after the animals leave the barn.
Pasture which has been heavily fertilized with nitrogen and potashes is potentially most dangerous. When animals begin to graze on the pasture heavy losses may occur in all classes of sheep and cattle, particularly when the pasture is in early stages of growth.
Although the disease is not specifically related to parturition we know it to occur most commonly in the first 2 months after calving, hence the name "lactation tetany". The disease is most common in lactating dairy cattle; it may reach a moderate incidence in beef cattle and calves and has affected dry cows and bulls.
The disease affects cattle in the 4- to 7-year age group that are most susceptible. Ewes which have lambed during the preceding month are the most susceptible group.
Vocabulary List
fatal (a) - смертельный relate (v) - иметь отношение к чему-либо
incidence (n) - распространение occur (v) - случаться, происходить
parturition (n) - роды, отёл level (n) - уровень
variable (a) - изменчивый moderate (a) - умеренный
observe (v) - наблюдать, замечать dry cow – сухостойная корова
area (n) площадь, зона, область susceptible (a) - восприимчивый
fertilize (v) – удобрять loss (n) потеря
nitrogen (n) – азот lose(v) (lost) – терять
danger (n) - опасность dangerous (a) - опасный
after wintering indoors – после зимовки в помещении ewe (n) - овца
Exercise 1. Read and translate the text "Lactation Tetany" , answer the questions:
1. Does lactation tetany occur only in animals at pasture?
2. Does lactation tetany affect animals in winter or in spring?
3. Are fertilized pastures most dangerous?
4. Is the disease related to parturition?
5. Are animals of 4- to 7-year age group most susceptible?
Exercise 2. Answer the questions in Russian and in English:
1. When does the disease occur in housed cattle?
2. What may be morbidity rate in particular areas?
3. When do most cases occur?
4. What pastures are most dangerous?
5. Why is the disease known as "lactation tetany"?
6. What are the most susceptible animals?
B. Ketosis of Ruminants
(Bovine Ketosis; Acetonemia)
We know ketosis of dairy cattle to be prevalent in most countries where intensive farming is practiced. Veterinarians observe the disease to occur mainly in animals housed during the winter months. When one wants to assess the wastage due to the disease it appears difficult. However, its high incidence and known effects show that it is one of the major causes of loss.
The major biochemical manifestation of bovine ketosis is hypoglycemia. Two major forms of the disease are described, the wasting and the nervous forms.
The wasting type is manifested by a gradual but moderate decrease in appetite and milk yield over a period of 2 to 4 days, the cow loses weight rapidly, usually at a greater rate than one would expect from the decrease in appetite. In typical cases of the nervous form the signs begin quite suddenly. The syndrome is suggestive of delirium rather than of frenzy and the characteristic signs include walking in circles, straddling or crossing of the legs, head pushing or leaning into the stanchion, apparent blindness, aimless movements and wandering, vigorous licking of the skin and inanimate objects, deprived appetite and chewing movements with salivation. Moderate tremor and tetany may be present and the gait is usually staggery. The nervous signs usually occur in short episodes which last for 1 or 2 hours and may recur at intervals of about 8 to 12 hours. Affected cows may injure themselves during the nervous episodes.
Vocabulary List
major (a) - главный assess(v) - оценивать
weight (n) - вес waste (v) - изнурять,
wasting form - изнуряющая форма опустошать
milk yield - молочная продуктивность, молокоотдача
walking in circles - хождение по кругу lean (v) - прислонять (-ся)
straddle(v) - широко расставлять ноги stagger (v) - шататься
stanchion - столб, загородка blind (a) - слепой
aim (n) - цель tremor (n)- дрожь
deprived appetite - искаженный аппетит frenzy- буйство
gait (n) – походка delirium - бредовое сознание
Extrcise 3. Read and translate the text "Ketosis in Ruminants".
Exercise 4. Render the text "Ketosis in Ruminants" first in Russian and then in English using the following plan:
1. Зоны распространения кетоза.
2. Биохимические проявления кетоза.
3. Признаки изнуряющей формы кетоза.
4. Описание нервной формы заболевания.
Lesson 10
A. Vitamin В
Vitamin В is known to prevent polyneuritis (nervous symptoms). Scientists also proved the lack of this vitamin to cause loss of appetite, emaciation and general weakness. Vitamin В appears to be widely distributed in natural human foods and stock feeds. The unmilled cereal grains, fresh green forage and hay contain it. One may find vitamin В in milk and whey. Yeast is especially rich in vitamin B. Though vitamin В can be destroyed by prolonged heating at temperature above the boiling-point, it is stable in ordinary feeds.
For example, it has been found that whole rice stored in an arid climate for 100 years was still rich in it. Also the vitamin В complex can be synthesized in the paunch, of ruminants through the action of bacteria.
Vocabulary List
polyneuritis (n) - полиневрит forage (n) - корм
emaciation (n) - истощение hay (n) - сено
distribute (v) - распространять contain (v) - содержать в себе
food (n), feed(n) - пища, корм rich (a) - богатый
whey (n) – сыворотка (молочная)
human (a) - человеческий rice(n) - рис
stock (n) - скот, поголовье yeast (n) - дрожжи
destroy (v) - разрушать, уничтожать
mill (v) - молоть (зерно) store(v) - запасать, хранить
cereal grains - злаковые зерна prolonged (a) - длительный
fresh (a) - свежий heating (n) - нагревание
paunch – рубец arid (a) - сухой (о климате)
Exercise 1. Translate text 10 A. into Russian.
Exercise 2. Answer the following questions to text A.:
1. What are the peculiarities of vitamin B?
2. What do you know about vitamin В?
Exercise 3. Answer the following questions to text in Russian and then in English:
1.What disease is vitamin В known to prevent?
2. What symptoms does the lack of vitamin В cause?
3. Where is vitamin В found?
4. What is especially rich in vitamin B?
5. What destroys vitamin B?
6. In what feeds is vitamin В stable?
7. What action is there in the paunch of ruminants?
B. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) and Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
In1890 studies were begun in order to isolate and characterize thiamine as a vitamin. Beriberi is known to be caused by lack of thiamine. Characteristic signs of thiamine deficiency are supposed to be loss of appetite and weight. In advanced stages polyneuritis may occur, involving degeneration of peripheral nerves. We know thiamine to occur in natural foods and other biological materials, either in the free or in a combined form. Yeast, cereal grain, pork, nuts are especially rich in thiamine.
Characterizing thiamine we may say that in its pure form thiamine is a white crystalline powder with yeasty odor and a salty, nut-like taste.
Riboflavin, known also as vitamin B2, consists of ribose sugar combined with flavin. The compound is known to have been prepared synthetically. One may find riboflavin in milk, egg white, liver, and green leaves. Heart, pancreas, muscles, kidneys, brain, and other organs contain it. It is present in grains and legumes. It was found to be destroyed by oxidation and light.
Riboflavin is required in the metabolic processes of animals. It is not, however, dietary requirement in ruminants, for in these animals the vitamin is synthesized by bacterial action in the rumen.
Experiments indicate that intestinal synthesis is not adequate to meet horse's requirements for this vitamin and that a dietary source is necessary. A lack in riboflavin in chicks results in failure to grow, paralysis and death. Poor hatchability and high mortality of the embryo may be seen in mature chickens.
Exercise 4. Read, translate the text "Riboflavin" using a dictionary and answer the following questions:
1. Когда начались исследования по выделению тиамина в качестве витамина?
2. Чем вызывается бери-бери?
3. Каковы последствия дефицита этого витамина?
4. Где встречается тиамин?
5. Что представляет собой тиамин?
6. Что представляет собой рибофлавин
7. Какова роль рибофлавина в организме?
8. Где встречается рибофлавин?
9. К чему приводит недостаток рибофлавина у цыплят?
Lesson 11
А. Pasteurellosis
Pasteurellae, gram-negative bacteria discovered by the known French scientist Louis Pasteur, occur in many animal diseases and although in some instances they act as primary causes, the number of conditions in which they appear to play only a secondary role is gradually increasing. Thus a primary viral pneumonia may be an insignificant disease until the intervention of a secondary pasteurellosis converts into an outbreak of pneumonia of major, economic importance.
Pneumonic Pasteurellosis of Cattle. Veterinarians know pneumonic pasteurellosis to be the common form of the disease in cattle in Europe. The morbidity and mortality rates measure in young beef cattle approximately 17 per cent and 7.5 per cent respectively. In addition to death losses, there is serious loss of production in both beef and dairy cattle.
When cattle are closely confined in damp barns, the disease may spread very quickly and affect a high proportion of the herd within 48 hours, but in animals at pasture, the rate of spread may be much slower.
Pneumonic pasteurellosis is a respiratory infection characterized by bronchopneumonia, which may be fibrinous, and pleuritis.
Vocabulary List
pasteurella - пастерелла (мн ч.- pasteurellae) although (cj) – хотя
thus (adv) - так, таким образом instance (n) - отдельный случай
significant (a) - важный, значительный intervention (n) - вмешательство
until (cj) - (до тех пор) пока ... не convert (v) - превращать
measure(v)- достигать уровня morbidity (rate) (n) - заболеваемость
mortality(n)-смертность approximate(v) - приблизительно равняться approximately (adv) – приблизительно damp (a) – сырой
in addition to - в добавление к... (от add (v)- прибавлять)
confine (v) - зд.: содержать barn (n)- хлев, амбар
Exercise 1. Read, translate the text "Pasteurellosis" Part A and answer the following questions:
1. What does pneumonic pasteurellosis result in?
2. When does the disease spread quickly?
Exercise 2. Answer the questions to the text "Pasteurellosis" Part A. in Russian and then in English.
1. Do pasteurellae occur in many animal diseases?
2. What is the role of pasteurellae in animal diseases?
3. When is a primary viral pneumonia an insignificant disease?
4. What is the common form of pasteurellosis?
5. Does the disease spread quickly in animals at pasture?
6. Is pneumonic pasteurellosis characterized by bronchopneumonia?
B. Pasteurellosis
Clinical Findings. Pneumonic Pasteurellosis of cattle is characterized by a sudden onset of high fever (104 to 106°F or 40 to 41°C), depression, anorexia and dyspnoea, with coughing and a slight mucopurulent nasal discharge. Auscultation is used to reveal the presence of bronchopneumonia and pleuritis especially in the anterior and ventral parts of the lungs. If cases are seen in the early stages, there is often only a general increase in the vesicular murmur, but an increase in the rate and depth of respiration will be observed. An ocular discharge and diarrhea may be present but these vary a great deal between outbreaks.
The course in the majority of animals is known to be variable, depending upon the degree of pulmonary involvement, and deaths occur at any time up to 3 weeks after the onset of the disease. The disease responds well to treatment, and even without it some animals recover in 3 to 7 days.
Pasteurellosis of Swine, Sheep and Goats. Pasteurellosis causes heavy losses in pigs and sheep in most parts of the world, both through deaths and depression of body weight gains. Morbidity and mortality rates are considered to be up to 40 per cent and 5 per cent respectively in both species. In sheep at pasture, the disease tends to spread slowly and the morbidity rate is lower that in feeder lambs and pigs maintained in small areas.
As in pneumonic pasteurellosis of cattle, transmission occurs probably by the inhalation or ingestion of infected material.
In pigs an acute bronchopneumonia, accompanied by fever and
toxemia, causes a clinical syndrome similar to that of pneumonic pasteurellosis. There is marked tendency for the disease to become chronic resulting in reduced weight gains and frequent relapses.
Vocabulary List
convert (v) - превращать onset (n) - начало
depth (n) – глубина maintain (v) - управлять,
transmission (n) - передача организовывать
morbidity (rate) (n) - заболеваемость dyspnoea (n) - одышка
involvement (n) - вовлечение, охват coughing (n) - кашель
respond(v)- отвечать, реагировать discharge (n) - выделение
weight gain - прибавка в весе reveal (v) - обнаруживать
murmur (n) – бурчание, шум discharge (n) - выделение
weight gain - прибавка в весе reveal (v) - обнаруживать
Exercise 3. Read and translate the text "Pasteurellosis" Part.B into Russian using a dictionary.
Exercise 4. Retell the text "Pasteurellosis" Part B in Russian and then in English answering the following questions:
1. Каковы симптомы легочного пастереллёза крупного рогатого скота?
2. Для чего используется аускультация при обследовании?
3. Всегда ли наблюдаются выделения из глаз и диарея при этом заболевании?
4. Как скоро наступает смерть в результате заболевания?
5. Излечимо ли это заболевание?
6. Чем характеризуется пастереллез у свиней, овец и коз?
7. Как происходит заражение легочным пастереллезом?
Lesson 12
Причастие (Participle)
Причастие является неличной формой глагола, которая сочетает в себе свойства глагола и прилагательного. Как и всякий глагол, причастие имеет категорию залога и времени, поэтому причастие может иметь простую и сложные формы.
Формы причастия:
| Present | Past | Perfect | |
| Active | translating writing | having translated having written | |
| Passive | being translated being written | translated written | having been translated having been written |
В английском языке наиболее употребительны Participle I (-ing -овая форма) и Participle II (причастие прошедшего времени).
Причастие Participle I соответствует в русском языке одновременно причастию действительного залога, оканчивающемуся на
-щий, -вший, напр. читающий, читавший и деепричастию несовершенного вида, оканчивающемуся на -а, -я, напр. читая, спеша. При этом важно местоположение причастия в предложении. Итак:
1) Participle I (-ing-овая форма) в начале фразы или предложенияпереводится на русский язык деепричастием:
Examining the patient he found the symptoms of vitamin deficiency, - Осматривая больного, он обнаружил симптомы авитаминоза.
Перфектные формы служат для выражения прошедшего времени:
Having examined the calf thoroughly he diagnosed rickets. - Тщательно осмотрев теленка, он поставил диагноз рахита.
2) Причастие Participle I, стоящее после определяемого существительного,переводится на русский язык оборотом с причастием, деепричастием или соответствующим придаточным предложением:
The scientist investigating the problem has some discoveries. Ученый, исследующий эту проблему, имеет несколько открытий.
3) Форма being + Partciple II в разных позициях переводится на русский язык словом «будучи» или также причастным оборотом или придаточным предложением:
The problem being investigated in our laboratory is very important for the development of veterinary science. Проблема, исследуемая в нашей лаборатории, очень важна для развития ветеринарии.
Being built of concrete the stall will be durable – Будучи построенным из бетона, стойло будет прочным. ( Так как стойло построено из бетона, оно будет прочным).
Если в предложении употреблено Past Participle (Partciple II)
глагола, требующего при переводе на русский язык предлога, такой оборот можно перевести только определительным придаточным предложением (предлог ставится перед союзным словом).
The animal showed high fiver and vomiting followed by death. - У животного наблюдались сильная лихорадка и рвота, за которыми последовала смерть.
В функции обстоятельства могут употребляться все формы причастия, которые стоят в начале или в конце предложения. На русский язык они могут переводиться деепричастием или соответствующим придаточным предложением.
Having examined fresh green forage scientists found that it was rich in vitamin В. - Исследовав свежий зеленый корм, ученые обнаружили, что он богат витамином В.
Being interested to finish the experiment as soon as possible the student worked hard. Так как студент был заинтересован закончить эксперимент как можно раньше, он трудился напряженно.