Видо-временные формы герундия

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	Indefinite Simple	Perfect
Active	translating writing	having translated having written
Passive	being translated being written	having been translated having been written

Герундий в предложении может выполнять следующие функции:

1. Подлежащее.

LearningEnglish is hard but necessary.-Изучение английского трудно, но необходимо.

Preventinginfectious diseases is necessary. Предупреждать (предупреждение) инфекционные заболевания необходим

2. Именная часть составного сказуемого.

His great pleasure is reading.-Большое удовольствие для него - чтение.

3. Дополнение ( после глаголов или прилагательных):

Не likes readingbooks about animals - Он любит читать книги о животных.

Tom likes being readsuch books - Том любит, когда ему читают такие книги.

4. Определение

We know some methods of treatingthe disease.- Мы знаем несколько методов лечения этой болезни.

5. Обстоятельство. Герундий в синтаксической функции обстоятельства всегда употребляется с предлогами in, on, upon, after, with (out), by и т.д. (предлог without перед герундием переводится – не).

On examining the sick animal the veterinarian went to the laboratory.-После осмотра больного животного (Осмотрев больное животное) ветеринар пошел в лабораторию.

На русский язык герундий переводится именем существительным, неопределенной формой глагола, деепричастием или целым предложением.

Следует обратить внимание при переводе герундия на смысловое значение предлогов:inиon.

Предлог in означает процесс в его развернутости, а предлог оn -завершенность процесса.

In making such experiments ... (= making проводя).

On making the experiment ... (= having made проведя).

Сложный герундиальный оборот

Это сочетание притяжательного местоимения или существительного в притяжательном или общем падеже и герундия. В предложении он может быть подлежащим, дополнением, обстоятельством. Переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением с союзами то, что; то, чтобы; о том, что…

The veterinarian¢s vaccinating the animals in time prevented the outbreak.- То, что ветврач провел вакцинацию животных во время, предотвратило эпидемию.

He insisted on the patient being operated at once.- Он настаивал на том, чтобы больного прооперировали немедленно.

Отличие герундия от Present Participle

Герундий может быть подлежащим, дополнением, именной частью сказуемого. Причастие в этих функциях не употребляется, Герундий и причастие в функциях определения и обстоятельства совпадают. В этих функциях перед герундием всегда стоит предлог, что и является формальным признаком отличия его от причастия.

A. Jaundice

Jaundice is a clinical sign which often arises in diseases of the liver and biliary system but also in diseases in which there are no lesions of these organs.

Although jaundice is a result of the accumulation of bilirubin, the staining is much more pronounced with direct bilirubin than with indirect bilirubin. The levels of bilirubin in blood also affect the intensity of the jaundice.

The staining of jaundice is due to staining of tissues, especially elastic tissue. Hemolytic jaundice is common in animals and it¢s being caused by bacterial toxins, invasion of erythrocytes by protozoa or viruses, inorganic and organic poisons and immunological reactions is well known.

Clinically hemolytic jaundice is characterized by a moderate degree of yellowing of the mucosae, and by the presence of haemo-globinuria in severe cases. Clinic pathological findings indicate the presence of anemia, an increase in urobilinogen and an absence of bilirubin in the urine, and a preponderance of indirect bilirubin in the serum.

Jaundice due to Hepatic Cell Degeneration. The cause may be any of those diffuse diseases of the liver which cause hepatic cells degenerating and which are listed under hepatitis. Because there is only partial obstruction of biliary excretion, the changes in serum and urine lie between those of hemolytic jaundice and extra hepatic biliary obstruction. Increasing of serum levels of total bilirubin is caused by retention of direct bilirubin. It’s passing out in the urine causes an elevation of urine levels. Rising of the urobilinogen levels in the urine is also observed.

Vocabulary List

jaundice (n) - желтуха bile - желчь biliary system - желчная система

staining (n) - окрашивание, окраска hemolytic (a) - гемолитический

invasion (n) - вторжение, внедрение protozoa (n) - простейшие

moderate (a) - умеренный, небольшой mucosa (n) (pl.- mucosae) -

retention - задержка слизистая оболочка

preponderance (n) - превосходство, degeneration (n) - дегенерация,

преобладание вырождение

diffuse (a) - распространенный partial (a) - неполный, частичный

excretion (n) - выделение, экскреция elevation (n) - подъем, повышение

urobilinogen - уробилиноген

Exercise 1. Translate the text "Jaundice" into Russian.

Exercise 2. Read the text "Jaundice" and answer the questions:

1. What kind of disease is jaundice?

2. What is the bilirubin level in jaundice?

3. What is the cause of hemolytic jaundice?

4. What are the symptoms of the disease?

Exercise 3. Answer the following questions in Russian and in English:

1. Does jaundice occur when there are no lesions of liver or biliary system?

2. Does the level of bilirubin in blood affect the intensity of jaundice?

3. What kind of jaundice is common in animals?

4. What is characteristic of hemolytic jaundice in severe cases?

5. What do clinic pathological findings indicate?

6. What is the cause of jaundice due to hepatic cell degeneration?

7. What is the increase of serum levels of total bilirubin caused by?

B. Hepatitis

Clinical Findings. The cardinal signs of hepatitis are anorexia, mental depression, with excitement in some cases, muscular weakness and jaundice but in the terminal stages somnolence, recumbency and coma with intermittent convulsions. Animals which survive the early acute stages may evidence photosensitization, a break in the wool or hair leading to shedding of the coat and susceptibility to metabolic strain for up to a year.

The initial anorexia is often accompanied by constipation and punctuated by attacks of diarrhea. Vomiting may occur in pigs. The nervous signs are often pronounced and vary from lethargy with yawning, or coma, to hyper excitability with muscle tremor, mania and convulsions. A characteristic syndrome is the dummy syndrome in which we may observe the affected animals, pushing with their heads making no response to normal stimuli and blindness. There may be subacute abdominal pain usually manifested by arching of the back, and pain on palpation over the liver. The enlargement of the liver is usually not palpable.

Jaundice and edema may or may not be present and are more commonly associated with the less acute stages of the disease. Photosensitization may also occur but only when the animals are on a diet containing green feed and are exposed to sunlight. A tendency of bleeding more freely than usually it may be observed. In chronic hepatic fibrosis the signs are similar to those of hepatitis but develop more slowly, and persist for longer periods, often months. Ascites and the dummy syndrome are more common than in hepatitis.

Vocabulary List

mental depression - подавление сознания recumbency - прострация

somnolence - сонливость arching of back - выгибание спины

dummy syndrome - временный ( преходящий) синдром ascites - асцит

survive (v)- выживать biliary (a)желчный, печеночный

shedding (n)- зд. выпадение (волос) constipation - запор

Exercise 4. Readand translate the text “Hepatitis” into Russian.

Exercise 5. Render the contents of the text following the plan:

1. Основные симптомы гепатита.

2. Симптомы у животных во второй стадии заболевания.