Посмотрите на схему зала судебных заседаний. Определите, где располагаются участники судебного разбирательства
a) a place for a bailiff — место для судебного пристава
b) a table of defense (an advocate) — стол для представителя стороны присяжных заседателей совещательная комната для защиты (адвоката)
c) a jury box — место для присяжных заседателей
d) places for public — места для общественности
e) special place for a defendant
and guard — специальное место для подсудимого и конвоя
f) a witness box — кафедра для дачи свидетельских показаний
g) places for questioned witnesses — места для допрошенных свиде-телей
h) a room for jury deliberation — присяжных заседателей
i) a room for a presiding judge — комната для председательству-ющего судьи
j) an area of a presiding judge an
a clerk — место для председа-тельствующего судьи и секрета-ря судебного заседания
k) a table of prosecution (a prosecu-tor) — стол для представителя стороны обвинения (прокурора)
1) ________________
2) ________________
3) ________________
4) ________________
5) ________________
6) ________________
7) ________________
8) ________________
9) ________________
10) _______________
11) _______________
Прочитайте и определите, о каких участниках судебного разбира-тельства идет речь.
1. A lawyer empowered to prosecute cases on behalf of a government and its people.
2. A public officer chosen or elected to preside over and to administer the law in a court of justice; one who controls the proceedings in a courtroom and decides questions of law.
3. Officer of some courts whose duties include keeping order in the courtroom and guarding prisoners or jurors in deliberation.
4. Persons selected according to the law and sworn to consider and declare a verdict.
5. An officer of the court whose responsibilities include maintaining the records of a court. Another duty is to swear in witnesses and jurors.
6. One who gives evidence in a case before a court and who attests or swears to facts or gives or bears testimony under oath.
7. The party against which an action is brought.
8. A lawyer that pleads in another‘s behalf.
UNIT 4. JUDICIAL BRANCH OF THE USA
TEXT 1
The Judicial System in the United States
Vocabulary
1. to apply and interpret laws — применять и толковать законы
2. express or implicit powers — положительно выраженное или под-разумеваемое предоставление полномочий
3. to solve legal disputes — разрешать правовые споры
4. separate sovereignty — раздельный суверенитет
Прочитайте текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What is the characteristic feature of the court system existing in the
USA?
2. What levels of courts does it consist of?
3. What is the jurisdiction of federal courts?
4. What is the jurisdiction of trial courts?
The judicial system in the United States is dual: it consists of the federal court system and the state court systems. The federal courts are concerned with cases arising under federal law, and the state courts with cases arising under state law. While each court system is responsible for hearing certain cases, neither is completely independent of the other, and the systems often interact. Furthermore, solving legal disputes and vindicating legal rights are key goals of both court systems.
The U.S. Constitution created a governmental structure for the United States known as federalism. Federalism refers to a sharing of powers between the national government and the state governments. The Constitution gives certain powers to the federal government and reserves the rest for the states.
Therefore, while the Constitution states that the federal government is supreme with regard to those powers expressly or implicitly delegated to it, the states remain supreme in matters reserved to them. This supremacy of each government in its own sphere is known as separate sovereignty, meaning each government is sovereign in its own right.
Both the federal and state governments need their own court systems to apply and interpret their laws. Furthermore, both the federal and state constitutions attempt to do this by specifically spelling out the jurisdiction of their respective court systems.
For example, since the Constitution gives Congress sole authority to make uniform laws concerning bankruptcies, a state court would lack jurisdiction in this matter. Likewise, since the Constitution does not give the federal government authority in most matters concerning the regulation of the family, a federal court would lack jurisdiction in a divorce case. This is why there are two separate court systems in America. The federal court system deals with issues of law relating to those powers expressly or implicitly granted to it by the U.S. Constitution, while the state court systems deal with issues of law relating to those matters that the U.S. Constitution did not give to the federal government or explicitly deny to the states.
Закончите предложения в соответствии с текстом, выбрав один из вариантов.
1) The judicial system of the US consists of … a) the federal court system.
b) the state court system.
c) the federal court system and the state court systems.
2) Key goals of both court systems are …
a) punishing offenders for committing crimes and resolving civil disputes.
b) making laws and introducing then into force.
c) solving legal disputes and vindicating legal rights.
3) The U.S. Constitution created a governmental structure known as … a) federalism.
b) separation of powers. c) separate sovereignty.
4) This supremacy of each government in its own sphere is known … a) federalism.
b) separation of powers. c) separate sovereignty.
5) Both federal and state court systems have …
a) a right to resolve the same legal issues.
b) a right to transfer any case from any federal court to any state court.
c) a right to resolve legal issues within the jurisdiction of the respective court systems.
TEXT 2
Federal Court System
Vocabulary
1. to hold office — занимать пост, занимать должность
2. to attach — прикреплять
3. a trial court — суд первой инстанции
4. a circuit — округ, район, участок
5. a panel — коллегия
6. an apex — высшая точка, вершина
7. a justice — судья
8. to petition — обращаться с петицией, подавать прошение, хода-тайствовать
9. tax deficiency — недоплата налога (ситуация, при которой на-численная и уплаченная сумма налога меньше реально подлежащей уплате суммы)
10. benefit — пенсия, (страховое) пособие
11. Uniform Code of Military Justice — Унифицированный военный кодекс (cобрание законов, регулирующих деятельность, права и обя-занности военнослужащих Вооруженных сил США)