In patients with diabetes concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin identifyed. What does this index?

A. The content of glucose in the blood during the last 7-14 days.
B. The severity of liver damage.
C. The expression of diabetic angiopathy.
D. The average glucose level for the previous 4-8 weeks.
E. The level of hyperglycemia after meals.

In a patient with diabetes is defined mіkroalbuminemia. This biochemical parametr of diabetes shows indicates:

A. Degree of glycosylation of plasma proteins.
B. The development of diabetic nephropathy.
C. Orthostatic proteinuria.
D. Prerenal cause of proteinuria.
E. Excess albumin synthesis.

What is the cause of hyperproteinemia?
A. Eating disorders.
B. Humoral immune deficiency.
C. Dehydration.
D. Glomerulonephritis.
E. Catabolic states.
What method can be used for the study of the qualitative composition of the blood serum proteins?
A. Biuret reaction.
B. Electrophoresis.
C. Lowry method.
D. Dialysis.
E. Centrifugation.
If the results of electrophoresis areas of α₁-and α₂-globulins were isolated. Which of the below listed proteins are not in these factions?
A. Fibrinogen.
B. Haptoglobin.
C. α₂-macroglobulin.
D. α₁-antitrypsin.
E. Ceruloplasmin.
The electrophoretic study of blood serum proteins of the patient gave the following results of the content of protein fractions (in relative units): albumins - 35,6%, α₁-globulins - 4,0%, α₂-globulins - 25,5%, β-globulins - 18 , 5%, γ-globulins - 15,4%. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Chronic inflammation.
B. Diffuse hiperhammaglobulinemiya.
C. Nephrotic syndrome.
D. Cirrhosis.
E. Multiple myeloma.
An elderly woman suffering from back pain has 90 g /l of the protein content and 30 g/ l of albumins in blood serum. The presence of each of the below-mentioned conditions can be assumed?
A. Multiple myeloma.
B. Osteoarthritis.
C. Bone lesions Paget's disease.
D. Renal osteodystrophy.
E. Hiperparatyreoyidyzm.
*For the determination of nitrogen excretion there was the collection of daily urine of the patient who was on full parenteral nutritiontion. It was determined that a constant daily intaking of nitrogen in 14 g gave the urea excretion in for days in quantity 400, 480, 390 and 50 mmol. The concentration of urea in the blood serum of those days remained at the same level. The volume of excreted urine equaled the volume of fluid that was applied. Which of the following is incorrect?
A. The possible reason of urea excretion decreasing is acute renal failure.
B. Results obtained on the fourth day bacterial contamination of urine.
C. Results that were obtained on the fourth day can be explained with the laboratory error.
D. The results of the first three days suggest that the patient has positive nitrogen balance.
E. Quantity of excreted nitrogen is 12.9 g.
What violation can occur if a lower concentration of haptoglobin in plasma?
A. Hyperbilirubinemia.
B. Hiperazotemiya.
C. Hemoglobinuria.
D. Miohlobinuriya.
E. Potassiumuria.
For diagnosing of which pathology the determination of creatinine content in blood is the most sensitive test?
A. Chronic renal failure.
B. Myocarditis.
C. Hypothyroidism.
D. Acute gastritis.
E. Muscle weakness caused by loss of muscle mass.

Which substance or component of blood serum does not in a fraction of rest nitrogen?
A. Ammonia.
B. Pyruvate.
C. Uric acid.
D. Creatinine.
E. Urea.

What pathological state is not accompanied by increased levels of urea?
A. Gastric
B. Considerable care.
C. Acute renal failure.
D. Chronic nephritis.
E. Pyelonephritis.

The clinic asked the patient complained of thirst, dry skin, frequent diuresis. Blood glucose was 3.8 mmol / L, the relative density of urine - 1.002, daily diuresis - 3 liters. Which disease is characterized by the symptoms?
A. Diabetes.
B. Thyrotoxicosis.
C. diabetes insipidus.
D. Miksedema.
E. Primary Aldosteronizm.

The clinic asked the patient complained of hyperpigmentation, weight loss, arterial hypotension, a passion for salty foods. Laboratory analysis showed hypoglycemia, potassemia, hyponatremia. Which disease is characterized by the symptoms?

A. Cushing's disease.
B. Hyperthyroidism.
C. Diabetes insipidus.
D. Addison's disease.
E. Miksedema.

Excessive secretion of which hormone is a dangerous by the development of azotemia?
A. Somatomedins.
B. Natriuretic factor.
C. Calcitriol.
D. ACTH.
E. All answers are correct.

Which diseases are characterized by increase 17-ketosteroids in urine?
A. Atherosclerosis, diabetes.
B. Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.
C. Adenoma, adrenal cancer.
D. Primary hyperparathyroidism.
E. Hipopituyitaryzm.

Include all clinical manifestations of hyperprolactinaemia, except:
A. amenorrhea.
B. Reducing the weight of muscles.
C. Galactorrhea.
D. Gynecomastia.
E. Infertility.

For the diagnosis of which disease the pentoliny’s test can be used?
A. Diabetes insipidus.
B. Cushing's disease.
C. Pheochromocytoma.
D. Hipopituyitaryzmu.
E. Addison's Disease.

What is the reason of the clinical manifestations of Cushing's syndrome?
A. Insufficient of aldosterone.
B. Insufficient of cortisol.
C. Excessof cortisol.
D. Aldosterone excess.
E. ACTH excess.

Which changes in the blood are characteristic of primary hypothyroidism?
A. Increased thyroxine, TSH reduction.
B. Reduction of thyroxine, TSH levels increase.
C. Increased thyroxine, TSH levels increase.
D. Reduction of thyroxine, TSH reduction.
E. Reduction of thyroxine, TSH normal.

Increasing concentrations of which hormone in blood can be observed in the case Conn’s syndrome?
A. Aldosterone.
B. Cortisone.
C. Androgens.
D. Prolactin.
E. Norepinephrine.

*Which of the above statements is true for progestin hormone (LH)?
A. Hormone is synthesized in men.
B. Hormone activates the synthesis of estrogen in the ovaries.

C. Hormone concentration in blood does not change before ovulation.
D. Hormone concentration in blood increases to strong stress.
E. In the case of irregular ovulation cycles hormone concentrations explore once.

Which pathological condition pheochromocytoma may be complicated?
A. Myocardial infarction.
B. Stroke.
C. Cardiovascular failure.
D. Weight loss.
E. All answers are correct.

For vasopressin all statements are true, except:
A. Reduces diuresis.
B. Increases concentration of urine.
C. Increases water resorption in the distal nephron.
D. Increases renal tubular epithelial permeability to water.
E. Increases in diabetes insipidus.

In which of the listed below conditions amount of TSH in the blood is increased?
A. Untreated thyrotoxicosis.
B. Primary hypothyroidism.
C. Injury to the pituitary.
D. Hypothalamic-pituitary insufficiency in pituitary tumor.
E. Thyroid hormone treatment.

The patient has a significant increase in daily diuresis without glycosuria. What hormonal drug can be recommended for replacement therapy?
A. Vasopressin.
B. Aldosterone.
C. Tyreoyidyn.
D. Insulin.
E. Adrenaline.

What changes of blood biochemical parameters can be observed in the case of hypersecretion of growth hormone?
A. Reduction of amino acids.
B. Reduction of glucose.
C. Reducing the FFA quantity.
D. Increased ammonia.
E. Increased calcium.

What disease is accompanied by increasing of glucocorticoids content of in blood plasma?
A. Cushing's disease.
B. Pheochromocytoma.
C. Myxedema.
D. Rickets.
E. Sickness Addison.

Which of the following conditions are accompanied by the increase in 17-ketosteroides?
A. Neuroemotional stress.
B. Heavy physical work in untrained people.
C. Injuries.
D. Surgery.
E. All answers are correct.

What disease is accompanied by increasing of somatotropin in serum?
A. Gigantism
B. Chronic renal failure.
C. Porphyria.
D. Alcoholism.
E. All numbered true.

Indicate the causes of secondary hypercorticoidism
A. Increased secretion of cortisol.
B. Increased secretion of aldosterone.
C. The excess secretion of ACTH.
D. Increased secretion of adrenaline.
E. Increased secretion of norepinephrine.

To the diagnoses of which disease a water deprivation test is used?
A. Diabetes insipidus.
B. Acromegaly.
C. Addison's Disease.
D. Pheochromocytoma.
E. Cushing's Syndrome.

What changes in biochemical parameters can be the characteristic of thyrotoxicosis?
A. Hyperglycemia.
B. Hypoalbuminemia.
C. Hipocholesterolemiya.
D. Negative nitrogen balance.
E. All answers are correct.

The lack of which hormones can lead to osteoporosis?
A. Sex Hormones.
B. ACTH.
C. Cortisol.
D. Growth Hormone.
E. Thyroxine.

The secretion of which hormone will be increased if the calcium content in the blood is less than 1.0 mmol / l?
A. Tyrokaltsytonin.
B. Insulin.
S. PTH.
D. Aldosterone.
E. ACTH.

How does the level of calcium and phosphorus in the blood serum change in osteoporosis?A. Hypocalcaemia, phosphorus in the norm. B. Hypocalcaemia, phosphorus in the norm. C. Hyperphosphatemia, calcium is normal. D. Hypophosphatemia, calcium is normal. E. The content of calcium and phosphorus is not changed

The primary hypothyroidism is characterized by all of the laboratory indices, except for:
A. High concentration of TSH in plasma.
B. The increased content of triglycerides and phospholipids in the blood.
C. Decreasing of albumin and increasing in α2-and β-globulins.
D. Normal or low blood glucose on an empty stomach.
E. Hipocholesterolemiya.

What it does reduce the calcium absorption in the gut?
A. Oxalate.
B. Citric acid.
C. Salts of bile acids.
D. Vitamin D.
E. Alkaline environment.

Which condition does increase the ionization of calcium in blood plasma?
A. Alkalosis.
B. Acidosis.
C. Introduction complexones.
D. Hypoxia.
E. Beriberi D.

The reduction of inorganic phosphate in the blood are accompanied by all of the pathological processes except:
A. Galaktozemiya.
B. Primary hyperparathyroidism.
C. Phenylketonuria.
D. Hipervitaminosis D.
E. Rickets

Specify the display of magnesium lack in the body:
A.Depression.
B. Change the alkaline reserve.
C. Hypothyroidism.
D. Occurrence of renal stones.
E. Anemia.

Factors that may lead to hyperparathyroidism are all listed, except:
A. Renal failure.
B. Lack of calcium in food.
C. Malabsorption of lipids in the intestine.
D. Hyperplasia tissue of parathyroid gland.
E. Partial tyreoydektomy.

The patient has thyrotoxicosis. How thyroid hormones do affect to energy metabolism in mitochondria?
A. Activate of oxidative phosphorylation.
B. Uncouple of oxidative phosphorylation.
C. Activate of substrate phosphorylation.
D. Inhibit of oxidative phosphorylation.
E. Reduce the level of inorganic phosphates

Osteoporosis has been founded in organism of patient. Hyperproduction of which hormone can cause this disease?
A. Insulin.
B. Vasopressin.
C. Somatotropin.
D. PTH.
E. Calcitonin

What may be caused the accelerated loss of bone tissue leading to secondary osteoporosis?A. Longtime treatment by corticosteroids. B. Drinking alcohol, smoking. C. Cushing's syndrome. D. Hyperthyroidism. E. All answers are correct.

Which laboratory parameters should be determined for the diagnostic of hyperparathyroidism?
A. The level of calcium in the blood and urine.
B. The level of phosphorus in the blood and urine.
C. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in plasma.
D. The level of calcium and phosphorus in the blood and urine and AP in plasma.
E. None of the above answers is correct.