Study the table of B-complex vitamins
| thiamine | [ ˈθaɪ.ə.miːn ] | тиамин |
| riboflavin | [ˈraɪbəʊˈfleɪvɪn] | рибофлавин |
| niacin | [ˈnaɪəsɪn] | ниацин |
| pyridoxine | [pɪrɪˈdɒksɪn] | пиридоксин |
| pantothenic acid | [pæntəˈθenɪk ˈæsɪd] ] | пантотеновая кислота |
| biotin | [ˈbaɪətɪn] | биотин |
| folic acid | [ˈfəʊɪlk ˈæsɪd] | фолиевая кислота |
| benzoic acid | [benˈzɒɪk ˈæsɪd] | бензойная кислота |
| choline | [ˈkɒlɪn] | холин |
TEXT B
NUTRIRION IN ANIMALS
Read the text. Use the data from the text to complete the scheme that shows possible classification of nutrients.
Nutrition is the study of the organic process by which an organism assimilates and uses food and liquids for normal functioning. A nutrient is any element or compound, which is necessary for an organism’s metabolism, growth, development or other function. There are six major classes of nutrients: water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins. They are classified into the two main groups: 1) substances that provide energy (carbohydrates, proteins and fats); 2) substances that support metabolism (minerals, vitamins and water). Nutrients can be obtained from various sources. Common sources of nutrients for agricultural animals include roughages and concentrates. Roughages include feed that is high in fiber and low in energy, such as grasses, hays, and silages. Concentrates include feed that is high in energy and low in fiber, such as grains.
Water is vital for all animals and makes up more than one-half of most animals’ bodies. It forms the basis of fluids in the body and is essential for processes such as digestion, blood circulation, and waste elimination. Water helps dissolve nutrients and also regulates body temperature through perspiration and evaporation.
Protein is made up of amino acids that are necessary for healthy animals. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein, and are used for the formation of tissues and muscle production. Protein is needed for healthy growth, reproduction, and maintenance. Protein can be obtained from both plant and animal sources. Crude protein refers to the total amount of protein in a feed while digestible protein is the protein that can be digested and used by an animal.
Carbohydrates are nutrients that provide the main source of energy for activities the body performs. Carbohydrates provide energy for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. They also help produce body heat for warmth. Carbohydrates come from plants and include sugars, starches, and cellulose. Carbohydrates like cellulose, starch, and glycogen need to be split into glucose and other monosaccharides.
Fats or lipids. Although fats are needed in small amounts they are a necessary part of the diet. Fats provide energy and store excess energy. Fats help produce body heat and carry fat-soluble vitamins in the body. Many sources of proteins are also sources of fats. Fats are found in both plants and animals. Fats need to be split into fatty acids and glycerol.
Minerals provide material for growth of bones, teeth, and tissue, and also help regulate many of the body’s chemical processes. Minerals also help in muscular activities, reproduction, tissue repair, and body heat. Although mineral intake may account for a small portion of the total diet, it is essential. Minerals can be categorized as macrominerals or microminerals. Macrominerals are needed in larger amounts by the body, and microminerals are needed in smaller amounts. Macrominerals include calcium, chlorine, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur. Microminerals include chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iron, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silicon, and zinc.
Vitamins are essential for normal body functions such as digestion, cell metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Like minerals, they are also needed in relatively small quantities. Vitamins are fat soluble or water soluble. Water soluble vitamins are dissolved in water, and fat soluble vitamins are dissolved in fat. Fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, and K. Water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C and the B-complex.
| Nutrients | |||||
| Substances that provide energy | Substances that support metabolism | ||||
| Proteins | …................ | …................ | …............. | Vitamins | …............. |
Exercise 1. Expand the given statements using the information from the text.
1. Water is vital for all animals.
2. There are two main groups of nutrients.
3. Protein is necessary for healthy animals.
4. Carbohydrates are nutrients that provide the main source of energy.
5. Small amounts of minerals are required by all living organisms in their diet every day.
6. Vitamins are essential for normal body functions.
Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending according to the text.
1. Nutrition is the study of …
2. A nutrient is … .
3. Common sources of nutrients for agricultural animals are… .
4. Roughages include … .
5. Water is essential for processes such as … .
6. Protein is made up of … .
7. Amino acids are … .
8. Carbohydrates are nutrients that … .
9. Carbohydrates need to be split into … .
10. Glucose and other monosaccharides are … .
11. Fats need to be split into … .
12. Minerals provide material for … .
13. Minerals can be categorized as … .
16. Vitamins are essential for normal body functions such as… .
Exercise 3.Translate the following words and phrases into English.
Силос; сложное вещество; вещество; производить тепло; восстановление тканей; клетчатка - это сложный углевод; водорастворимые и жирорастворимые витамины; растворять питательные вещества; усваивать питательные вещества; потребление микроэлементов; избыток энергии; поддержание организма в рабочем состоянии; аминокислоты; потоотделение; испарение; общий белок.
Exercise 4. Give the English equivalents of the Russian words in brackets.
1. A nutrient is any element or (сложное вещество) which is necessary for an organism’s metabolism. 2. (Грубые корма) include feed that is high in fiber and low in energy, such as grasses, (сено), and (силос). 3. Water helps (растворять) nutrients and also regulates body temperature through (потоотделение) and (испарение). 4. Protein is needed for healthy growth, reproduction, and (обеспечение функционирования организма). 5. Fats help produce body heat and carry (жирорастворимые витамины) in the body. 6. Fats need to be split into (жирные кислоты) and (глицерин). 7. Mineral (потребление) may account for a small portion of the total diet. 8. Macrominerals are needed in larger (количество) by the body. 9. Water soluble vitamins (растворяются) in water.
Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Белки - это основной строительный материал организма, необходимый для образования новых мышечных волокон. 2. Часть аминокислот может поступать в организм только с пищей. 3. Растительные белковые продукты, как правило, не содержат всех незаменимых аминокислот. 4. Главная функция углеводов – поставка в наш организм энергии, необходимой для полноценной жизнедеятельности. 5. Моносахариды – это углеводы, состоящие из одной молекулы. 6. При переваривании жиры расщепляются
на глицерин и жирные кислоты, из которых затем в кишечнике синтезируются жиры, поступающие в кровь. 7. Аминокислоты являются строительным материалом для белков.
Exercise 6. a) Study the usage of the words “amount” and “quantity”.
Amount - сумма, количество чего-л.; употребляется, в основном, с неисчисляемыми существительными. С исчисляемыми оно употребляется, только когда речь идет о большой общей сумме предметов, образующих целое.
Quantity- количество; употребляется с исчисляемыми и неисчисляемыми существительными. Оно употребляется с существительными, количество которых может быть выражено в весе или в объёме.
b) Translate the word-combinations into English.
небольшое количество витаминов, количество белка, количество энергии, небольшое количество лекарства, огромное количество корма, малое количество йода, некоторое количество песка.
Exercise 7. Use the following table to make a report on the role of vitamins in animal nutrition.
| Vitamin | The importance of vitamin for animal’s health | The source of vitamin |
| Vitamin A | Growth, reproduction, milk production, resistance to respiratory infections | Animals may convert carotene into vitamin A; green-growing grasses are rich in carotene |
| Vitamin D | Enables animals to use calcium and phosphorus; a deficiency causes rachitis (рахит) in young growing animals | The ultraviolet rays of sunlight produce vitamin D from the provitamin in the skin; feeding hay crops; certain fish oils |
| Vitamin E | For normal hatching of egg; in preventing muscle stiffness (ригидность мышц) and dystrophy in lambs, calves, and chicken | In certain plant oils and the leaves of green vegetables |
| B- complex vitamins | Less important for ruminant animals (жвачные животные); but very young calves, poultry, swine, and other simple-stomached animals require the B vitamins in their diets | The bacteria in the rumen synthesize these vitamins |
| Vitamin C | Unimportant for animals, but prevents scurvy (цинга) in humans and guinea pigs | Can be synthesized in the bodies of other animals |
| Vitamin K | Usually unimportant | Is synthesized by bacteria in the intestinal tract (кишечный тракт) |
Exercise 8. Test yourself by answering the following questions to see how much you remember and understand.
1. What does nutrition study?
2. What is a nutrient?
3. How many major classes of nutrients are there?
4. What groups of nutrients do you know?
5. What are the common sources of nutrients?
6. What is water needed for?
7. What are proteins needed for?
8. What are proteins made up of?
9. From what sources can proteins be obtained?
10. What do carbohydrates provide?
11. From what sources can carbohydrates be obtained?
12. What do carbohydrates break down into?
13. What do lipids provide?
14. What do lipids turn into?
15. What can mineral deficiency cause?
16. What can vitamin deficiency cause?
Exercise 9. Search the following website for information about the role of minerals in animal nutrition http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/ab470e/ab470e06.htm
Consider the significance (значение) of the minerals, the source of the minerals and health problems caused by the deficiency of these minerals in animals.
UNIT 5
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT A
| abomasum n | [ˌæbəˈmeɪsəm] | сычуг |
| absorption n | [ əbˈzɔːp.ʃən ] | поглощение |
| avian | [ ˈeɪvɪən ] | птичий |
| belch up v | [ beltʃ ] | отрыгаться |
| break down v | [ breɪk ] | расщеплять |
| сecum n | [ˈsiːkəm] | слепая кишка |
| сhew v | [ tʃuː] | жевать |
| concentrate n | [ ˈkɒnsntreɪt] | концентрированный (богатый питательными веществами) корм |
| crop n | [ krɒp] | зоб |
| сud n | [kʌd] | жвачка |
| digestion n | [ daɪˈdʒestʃən ] | пищеварение |
| esophagus n | [ ɪˈsɒfəɡəs ] | пищевод |
| feedstuff n | [ ˈfiːdstʌf ] | корм |
| fermentation n | [ fɜːmenˈteɪʃn ] | брожение |
| forage n | [ ˈfɒrɪdʒ ] | фураж, грубые корма |
| gizzard n | [ ˈgɪzəd ] | желудок (мускульный) |
| hydrochloric acid | [ haɪdrəˈklɒrɪk ˈæsɪd ]] | соляная кислота |
| monogastric adj | [ˈmɒnəʊ ˈɡæstrɪk ] | однокамерный |
| omasum n | [ əˈmeɪsəm] | книжка |
| pouch n | [ paʊtʃ ] | мешок |
| proventriculus n | [ˌprəʊvenˈtrɪkjuləs] | преджелудок, железистый желудок |
| pseudo-ruminant adj | [ sjuːdəʊ ˈruː.mɪ.nənt] | псевдо-жвачное (животное) |
| reticulum n | [ rɪˈtɪkjuləm ] | сетка (второй отдел желудка жвачного) |
| roughage n | [ ˈrʌfɪdʒ ] | грубая пища |
| rumen n | [ ˈruːmɪn ] | рубец |
| ruminant adj | [ˈruː.mɪ.nənt] | жвачное (животное) |
| species n | [ˈspiː.ʃiːz ] | вид |
| stomach | [ ˈstʌmək ] | желудок |
TEXT A