Настоящее совершенно-длительное время
The Present Perfect Continuous(Progressive)Tense
Образование. The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в форме Present Perfect (have been, has been)и формы причастия настоящего времени (Present Participle) смыслового глагола: I have been working, he has been working, we have been working.
В вопросительной форме первый вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: Have I been working? Has he been working? Have we been working?
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not,которая ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола: I have not been working, he has not been working, we have not been working.
Употребление the Present Perfect Continuous(Progressive)Tense.
1. Действия, начавшиеся в прошлом и продолжающиеся до настоящего момента. Период времени, в течение которого совершается действие, может обозначаться предлогами for в течение, since начиная с, вопросительными словами how long как долго, since when с какого времени и т. д. В этом значении the Present Perfect Continuous Tense переводится на русский язык настоящим временем.
| I have been reading the newspaper since five o’clock. I have been watching TV for 2 hours. How long have you been playing football? | Я читаю газету с пяти часов. Я смотрю телевизор уже 2 часа. Сколько времени ты играешь в футбол? |
2. Прошлые действия определенной продолжительности, имеющие видимые результаты или последствия в настоящем. В таких случаях глагол переводится прошедшим временем несовершенного вида.
| She’s been crying. (Her eyes are red). | Она плакала. (У нее красные глаза.) |
3. Для выражения гнева, раздражения, возмущения или критики.
| Who has been drinking from my cup? | Кто пил из моей чашки? |
4. В обстоятельственных придаточных предложениях условия и времени, которые вводятся союзами if если,unless если … не,provided that при условии если,when когда,until, till до тех пор, пока не, as soon as как только, as long as пока,before прежде чем и т. д. для описания будущих действий вместо theFuture Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense.См. будущие времена.Придаточные предложения времени и условия.
| If he has been working at that company for three years, he will get a promotion. | Если он проработает в этой компании 3 года, его повысят. |
EXERCISES
| Exercise 1. | Give the correct form of the Present Perfect Continuous sentences. |
| 1. | I ____ (study) English since I was a child. |
| 2. | Pat ____ (live) here for twenty-five years. |
| 3. | They ____ (watch) football since three o’clock. |
| 4. | I ____ (work) here since I was eighteen. |
| 5. | John ____ (look) for a job since he finished university. |
| 6. | Prices ____ (go up) very fast recently. |
| 7. | I ____ (work) really hard lately. |
| 8. | He ____ (write) a book about wind-surfing. |
| 9. | We ____ (walk) for hours and I need a rest. |
| 10. | It __ (rain) for two hours. |
| Exercise 2. | Make the following sentences negative. |
| 1. | I’ve been trying to call him for twenty minutes. |
| 2. | She has been dancing all evening. |
| 3. | David has been polishing his car for two hours. |
| 4. | My parents have been shopping for three hours. |
| 5. | Mr. Smith has been teaching at oxford for the last ten years. |
| 6. | Elena and I have been working in the library since morning. |
| Exercise 3. | Write a question for each situation. |
| Model: | You have just arrived to meet a friend who is waiting for you. |
| You ask: (you/wait/long?) Have you been waiting long? |
| 1. | Your friend’s sister works in London. You ask: (how long/she/work/there?) |
| 2. | Your friend looks very tired. You ask: (you/work hard/today?) |
| 3. | You meet Mary with her little son in the street. His face and hands are very dirty. You ask: (what/he/do?) |
| 4. | A friend tells you about his job – he sells phones. You ask: (how long/you/sell/ phones?) |
| 5. | You meet Frank as he is leaving the swimming pool. You ask: (you/swim?) |
| 6. | Melanie rang somebody forty minutes ago, and they’re still on the phone. You ask: (who/you/speak with?) |
| 7. | Dina has got an interesting book. She started it quite a long time ago. You ask: (how long/you/read/this book?) |
| 8. | You see a little girl. Her eyes are red and watery. You ask: (you/cry?) |
| Exercise 4. | Make the Present Perfect Continuous sentences. Use foror since. |
| Model: | Jack started learning French in October. Now it’s April. (for) |
| Jack has been learning French for six months. |
| 1. | We started driving at five o’clock. Now it’s nine o’clock. (for) |
| 2. | It started raining on Friday. It’s still raining. (since) |
| 3. | Tim began watching television in the morning. It’s evening now. (since) |
| 4. | Dora began playing tennis when she was eight. Now she’s 14. (for) |
| 5. | We are waiting for the bus. We started waiting 20 minutes ago. (for) |
| 6. | Sally is working in London. She started working there on 10 November. (since) |
| 7. | Jason got to the office at 8.00 this morning. Ten hours later he’s still there. (for) |
| 8. | I’m learning Spanish. I started classes in December. (since) |
| Exercise 5. | What could you say in these situations? Write sentences with the Present Perfect Continuous. |
| Model: | It’s raining. The rain started two hours ago. It’s been raining for two hours. |
| 1. | A video is on. It began two hours ago, and it hasn’t finished yet. |
| 2. | Our friends always spend their holidays in Bulgaria. They started going there five years ago. |
| 3. | Ann and I arranged to meet at the theater at 7.00 p.m. I arrived on time but I’m still waiting for Ann to arrive. |
| 4. | I hate this weather! It started raining last week and it’s still raining. |
| 5. | A year ago. Laura and I started building our own house. We’re still doing it. |
| 6. | Emma felt sick at lunchtime today and she is still feeling sick. |
| 7. | Children are tired. They started walking three hours ago and they’re still walking. |
| 8. | Denis went into the water an hour ago. He doesn’t want to come out yet. |
| Exercise 6. | Correct the mistakes where necessary. |
| 1. | How long are Tom and Pat working here? |
| 2. | I’m waiting for him since morning. |
| 3. | She’s been working here for 1998. |
| 4. | Rachel has played music all day. |
| 5. | It have been snowing for the last two days. |
| 6. | How many have you been studying physics? |
| 7. | We’ve been waitinghere since twenty minutes. |
| 8. | We have been driving for about six hours. |
| 9. | Martha plays the piano since she was four. |
| 10. | I have been sitting in this office till 9.00. |
| Exercise 7. | A. Put in the verbs from the table. Use the Present Perfect Continuous. |
| do | help | study | get | try | waiting |
| Andrew: Mike: Andrew: Mike: Andrew: Mike: | Sorry I’m late. It’s OK. I 1.____ not ____ long. What 2.____ you ____? I’ve been with Mr. Brown. He 3.____ me with my English. Your English is very good. You don’t need lessons, surely. How long 4.____ you ____ English? Mm, nine years now. But my pronunciation wasn’t so good before I came to England. I 5.____ to improve it. I think it 6.____ better lately. Your pronunciation is fine, Andrew. Honestly. |
| B. Write some sentences how Andrew’s been making progress in English. |
| C. And what about you? How long have you been studying English? Write a short summary. |
| Exercise 8. | Imagine that your flat is topsy-turvy after your younger brother friends’ visit. Your mother has just come home. What would she say? |