B)arising out of the nature of man and consequently inevitable. випливають з природи людини і, отже, неминучі.
All experience tended to show that, man must die. (Galsworthy)
Весь досвід, як правило, показують, що людина повинна померти. (Голсуорсі)
2.A command, an urgent (emphatic) request or a prohibition. Команда, терміново запит або заборона.
You must leave the room at once! You must come to see me every vacation. (Voynich)
3.Probability or supposition. Імовірність або припущення.
It corresponds tothe Russian должно быть.
What a comfort you musthave beento your blessed mother.
Каким утешением ты, должно быть, была для твоей дорогой матушки.
Is she still waiting?She musthave been waitingfor an hour.
Она все ждет? Должно быть, она ждет уже целый час.
Should and ought.
The modal verbs shouldand ought aretreated together here as there is hardly any difference between them. Very often they are interchangeable.
It's murder, and we oughtto stopit. (London)
When reference is made to the past the Perfect Infinitive shows that the obligation was not carried out. Коли робиться посилання в минуле Perfect Infinitive показує, що зобов'язання не проводилося.
"You shouldhave beenhere last night when they brought back the DP's to the mines," said Yates. (Heym)
Should and ought are sometimes used with the Continuous Infinitive and the Perfect Continuous Infinitive.
You shouldbe learningyour lessons, Jack, and not talking with Mary.
Both should and ought express obligation, something which is advisable, proper or naturally expected. Обидва should and ought висловлюють обов'язок, те, що є доцільним, власне, природно очікувати.
1.Obligation, very often a moral obligation or duty. In this meaning ought is more often used thans hould.
Promises of that sort shouldnever be broken.(Meade)
Такие обещания никогда не должны нарушаться.
Advisability. Целесообразность.
In this meaning should is more common than ought, us it always shows some personal interest where as ought is more matter-of-fact.
You should be more careful. (London)
Вам следует быть осторожнее.
You oughtto have Warmson to sleep in the house. (Galsworthy)
Нужно было бы, чтобы Уормсон спал у вас в доме.
Something which can be naturally expected. то, что может быть естественно ожидаемо.
It's the last of the Madeira I had from Mr. Jolyoti.. it ought to be in prime condition still. (Galsworthy)
Этопоследняя бутылка мадеры, которую я получил от мистера Джолиона.. она должна быть еще в отличном состоянии.
Ifit's a story by Wodehouse it shouldbe amusing.
Если это рассказ Вудхауса, он должен быть забавным.
То be + Infinitive
Тоbe+Infinitive is a modal expression. Some of its meanings are close to those of modal verbs and expressions denoting obligation (must, shall, should, ought, to have + Infinitive).
This modal expression can be used in two tenses —the Present Indefinite and the Past Indefinite (was, were).
Dear Jim, I amto be shotat sunrise to-morrow.(Voyulch)
They wereto goto Spain for the honeymoon. (Galsworthy)
To be + Infinitive expresses a weakened order, an arrangement, possibility, something thought of as unavoidable. .
1.An order which is generally the result of an arrangement made by one person for another, an arrangement which is not to be discussed. Порядок, который, как правило, есть результатом договоренности, сделанное одним человеком для другого, расположение, которое не будет обсуждаться.
You are to gostraight to your room. You areto saynothing of this to anyone.(De la Roche)
Ты должна идти прямо в свою комнату. Ты никому не должна ничего говорить об этом.
An arrangement or agreement, part of a plan. Договоренность или соглашение, часть плана.
I'm sorry, Major, we had an agreement — I wasto dothe questioning here. (Heym)
Простите, майор, мы условились, что допрос буду вести я.
Possibility.
Here the meaning of the modal expression comes very close to that of the verb can.
How are they to know that yon are well connected if you do not show it by your costume? (Shaw)
Как могут они знать, что у нас большие связи, если вы не показываете этого своей манерой одеваться?
4.Something thought of as unavoidable. Что-то думал, как о неизбежном.
I went about brooding over my lot, wondering almost hourly what was to becomeof me. (Dreiser)
Я все время размышлял о своей судьбе, беспрестанно задавая себе вопрос, что со мной станет.
To have + Infinitive.
The modal ехрrеssion to have + Infinitive is used in three tense forms: the Present Indefinite, the Past Indefinite and the Future Indefinite.
I haveto get upat six every day.
I shall haveto takethe pupils into the hills, as usual, and see them settled there. (Voynich)
The negative and interrogative forms of this modal expression are formed with the help of the auxiliary do.
Didyou haveto walkall the way home? I did not haveto walk, I took a tram.
To have + Infinitive expresses an obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances.