The exclamatory sentence. Окличні
An exclamatory sentence expesses some kind of emotion or feeling. It often begins with the words what and how, it is always in the declarative form, i. e. no inversion takes place.
What a lovely day it is!
What fine weather! How wonderful! Beautiful!
§ 3. According to their structuresimple sentences are divided into two-member and one-member sentences.
A two-membersentence has two members— a subject and a predicate. If one of them is missing it can be easily understood from the context.
Fleur had established immediate contact with an architect. (Galsworthy)
A two-member sentence may be completeor incomplete.
It is complete when it has asubject and a predicate.
Young Jolyon could not help smiling. (Galsworthy)
It is incomplete when one of the principal parts or both of them are missing, but can be easily understood from the context. Such sentences are called ellipticaland are mostly used in colloquial speech and especially in dialogue.
Best not to see her again. Best to forget all about her. (Abrahams) What were you doing? Drinking. (Shaw)
Who does it for Mr. George? James, of course. (Galsworthy) Where were you yesterday? At the cinema.
A one-membersentence is a sentence having only one member which is neither the subject nor the predicate.
One-member sentences are generally used in descriptions and in emotional speech.
If the main part of a one-member sentence is expressed by a noun, the sentence is called nominal.The noun may be modified by attributes.
The main part of a one-member sentence is often expressed by an infinitive.
No! To have his friendship, his admiration, but not at that price. (Galsworthy)
To die out there — lonely, wanting them, wanting home! (Galsworthy)
§ 4. Simple sentences, both two-member and one-member, can be unextendedand extended. Пиширені або непоширені
A sentence consisting only of the primary or principal parts is called an unextended sentence.
She is a student. Birds fly. Winter!
An extended sentence is a sentence consisting of the subject, the predicate and one or more secondary parts (objects, attributes, or adverbial modifiers).
The two native women stole furtive glances at Sarie. (Abrahams) The two white overseers ... had gone into the hills with the natives to look for stray sheep. (Abrahams)
32. Simple sentence. The main and the secondary parts of the sentence.
In asentence we distinguish the principal parts, secondary parts and independent elements.
The principal parts of a sentence are the subject and the predicate.
The secondary parts are the attribute, the object and the adverbial modifier.
The subjectis the principal part of a two-member sentence which is grammatically independent of the other parts of the sentence and on which the second principal part (the predicate) is grammatically dependent, i. e. in most cases it agrees with the subject in number and person.
The sulky waiterbrought my tea. (Du Matirier)
The predicateis the second principal part of the sentence which expresses an action, state, or quality of the person or thing denoted by the subject. It is grammatically dependent upon the subject.
Erik arrivedat the lab next morning full of suppressed excitement. (Wilson)
The object (ДОДАТОК)is a secondary part of the sentence which completes or restricts the meaning of a verb or sometimes an adjective, a word denoting state, or a noun.
Додаток є другорядною частиною мови, яка доповнює чи обмежує значення дієслова або іноді прикметника, слова, що позначає стан, або іменника.
Haviland closed the door.(Wilson) I was very proud of it.(Braddon)
Bosinney's death. (Qalsworthy) "You are afraid of dying,"said Bing. (Heym)
The attributeis a secondary part of the sentence which qualifies a noun, a pronoun, or any other part of speech that has a nominal character. (яка кваліфікує іменник, займенник, або будь-яку іншу частину мови, яка має загальний характер).
What did she do with herself... in that littlehole? (Galsworthy) Under a tree opposite Knightsbridge Barracks...he took out once more the morocco case. (Galsworthy)
The adverbial modifieris a secondary part of the sentence which modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb.
We shall try it tomorrow.(Heytn)
While dancing,Cowperwood had occasion to look at Aileen often... (Dreiser)
These preparations happily completed,I bought a house in Covent Garden Market. (Dickens)
Означення: Який чий котрий?
Додаток: кого? Чого? Кому? Чому? Ким? Чим? На кому? На чому?
Обставина: Як? Де?Звідки? Чому? Куди? З якої причини?
33. Types of Elliptical sentence. incomplete
A two-member sentence may be either completeorincomplete (elliptical).
An elliptical sentence is a sentence in which one or more word-forms in the principal positions are omitted. (речення, в якому одне або більше слів-форм в основних положеннях опущені).
Ellipsis here refers only to the structural elements of the sentence, not the informational ones. This means that those words can be omitted, because they have only grammatical, structural relevance, and do not carry any new relevant information.