Без згадування виконача дії. У цьому випадку виконавець невідомий.
In silence the soup was finished —excellent, if a little thick; and fish was brought.In silence it was handed.(Galsworthy)
Tom Tusher was sent offearly, however, to a school in London. (Thackeray)
(b) with the doer of the action being mentioned. This occurs only when the doer of the action is to some extent emphasized. Виконавць дій згадується. Це відбувається тоді коли виконавець в якійсь мірі наголошений.
The noun or pronoun denoting the doer of the action is introduced by the preposition by. Іменник або займенник, що позначає діяча дії вводиться прийменником by.
They werethus introduced byHolly.(Galsworthy)
This room wasdimly lightedfrom the ceiling bya single electric lamp. (Bennett)
18. Non-finite forms of the verb.
A nonfinite verb is a verb that does not function as the predicate verb in a clause. Це дієслова, які не функціонують як предикати дієслова в реченні.
While some nonfinite verbs take the form of past or present participles, they are generally not inflected—that is, they don’t have mood, tense, number, aspect, gender, or person.
There are three main types of nonfinite verbs: gerunds, infinitives, and participles.
Gerunds (герундій як прикметники)
A gerund is an -ingverb that functions as a noun—for example:
Are you into reading? Sailing is my favorite sport.
When the same words are used as adjectives (прикметники), they are participles.
Infinitives (інфінітів як іменники та прикметники)
Infinitives are noninflected verbs that are often preceded by to.They may function as adverbs (прислівники):
I struggle to understand.
They may function as nouns:
To read is good for the mind.
And they may function as adjectives:
I don’t have time to eat.
Participles дієприкметники (дієслова як прикметники)
Participles are -edand -ingverbs that function as adjectives—for example:
The sleeping cat is brown.
The freshly picked tomatoes look delicious.
I am going to the store.
The kids were dropped off at school.
Nonfinite clauses
A nonfinite clause is a dependent clause whose main verb is nonfinite.
It may function as a noun, adjective, or adverb (іменник, прикметник, прислівник):
Your calling me was very considerate. Твій дзвінок мені…
The firetruck, blaring its siren, sped down the road.
We wanted to bring you a present.
19. Predicative constructions with the infinitive.
The Objective with the Infinitive is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case. In the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object.
He’s a wonderful teacher and I’ve never seen him lose his temper or get angry about anything.Он замечательный учитель, и я никогда не видел, чтобы он вышел из себя или рассердился из-за чего-нибудь.
However, sometimes a sentence containing the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is rendered by a simple sentence.
...the bombings at night made the old walls shake to their foundations.(Heym)
...от ночных бомбежек старые стены содрогались до самого основания (бомбежки заставляли стены содрогаться).
1. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting sense perception (чуттєве сприйняття), such asto hear, to see, to watch, to feel, to observe, to notice, etc.
§ After verbs of sense perception only the Indefinite Infinitive Active is used. If the meaning is passive we use Participle II.
I saw the fire slowly conquered. Я видел, как пожар постепенно потушили.
§ If a process is expressed Participle I Indefinite Active is used.
He saw Fleur coming.(Galsworthy)
§ After the verbs to seeand to noticethe Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is not used with the verb to be; a subordinate clause is used in such cases.
I saw that he was pale.
2. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting mental activity, such as to know, to think, to consider, to believe, to suppose, to expect, to imagine, to find, to feel, to trust, etc. After verbs of mental activity in the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction the verb to be is generally used.
I know you to be the most honest, spotless creature that ever lived. (Hardy)
Я знаю, что вы самое честное и безупречное существо из всех, когда-либо живших на свете.
I believe him to have no conscience at all. (Hardy)
Я считаю, что у него совершенно нет совести.
3. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs of declaring:to pronounce, to declare, to report.
The surgeon pronounced the wound to be a slight one.
Врач сказал, что рана легкая.
4. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting wish and intention: to want, to wish, to desire, to mean, to intend, to choose (in the meaning of ‘хотеть’).
I want you to come and dine with me. (Dickens)
Я хочу, чтобы вы пришли пообедать со мной.
5. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs and expressions denoting feelingand emotion:to like, to dislike, to love, to hate, cannot bear, etc.
I dislike you to talk like that.
Я не люблю, когда вы так говорите.
6. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting orderand permission: to order, to allow, to suffer, to have etc.
Mr. Merdle ordered his carriage to be ready early in the morning. (Dickens)
Мистер Мердль приказал, чтобы экипаж был готов рано утром.
7. The Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting compulsion: to make (in the meaning of ‘заставить’), to cause (in the meaning of ‘заставить’, ‘распорядиться’), to get (in the meaning of ‘добиться’), to have (in the meaning of ‘заставить; сказать чтобы’).
The noise caused her to awake.
Orшума она проснулась (шум заставил ее проснуться).
1 cannot get her to finish her lessons. (A. Bronte)
Я не могу добиться, чтобы она приготовила уроки.
The Subjective Infinitive Construction.
The Subjective Infinitive Construction is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case.
The peculiarity of this construction is that it does not serve as one part of the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject, the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate.
Edith is said to resemble me. (Dickens)
Говорят, что Эдит похожа на меня.