Ex.2. Finish these sentences using a gerund
1. My favourite activity is … .
2. He can’t stand … .
3. He is good at … .
4. Some people just can’t help … .
5. We are used to … .
6. I am interested in … .
7. This company is worth … .
8. The customer wants to know who was responsible for … .
9. I feel like … .
10. He admitted … .
11. I am thinking of … .
12. … was the key to the company’s success.
13. It’s no use … .
14. Avoid … .
Ex.3. Complete these sentences using the gerund form of one of the verbs below.
give, get, make, have, lose, help, work, discuss, get, worry, meet, analyse, cry, buy, reduce
1. He is interested in … the shares of this company.
2. It’s no use … over spilt milk.
3. This job involves … our international transactions.
4. We are looking forward to … the new Sales Manager.
5. It isn’t worth … about it.
6. You risk … bad results.
7. As we don’t agree about company policy we avoid … this subject.
8. We don’t mind … overtime, if it helps the company.
9. You mustn’t insist on … him. He doesn’t want it.
10. By delaying we risk … this contract.
11. I can’t imagine not … a computer in my office.
12. He apologized for … this serious mistake.
13. He is very pleased with … the job he wanted.
14. It’s no good … her advice – she never listens.
15. Overstaffing should be solved by … the workforce.
Speech and Discussion
Ex.1. Discuss with your groupmates the advantages of trading worldwide.
Ex.2. Can you say that exporting facilitates the economic growth?
Ex.3. Speak about Ukraine's major exports and imports.
Ex.4. Familiarize yourself with the following idioms, consult your dictionary and translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Think of situations where you could use them.
1. We worked all night to finish the job and we delivered the goods at 9.00 a.m.
2. We spent many hours searching for a solution to the problem; it was a tough nut to crack.
3. If my stockbroker recommends a share, you can bet your bottom dollar that it will go down.
4. Are you going to lend me the money or not? I’d like a straight answer.
5. The Prime Minister is convinced that there will soon be a sea change in the relations between East and West.
Ex.5. Comment on the following:
“It is happier to be sometimes cheated than not to trust”
(S. Johnson)
Lesson 3
Text: World Trade Organization
Grammar: Infinitive or Gerund?
Terms to remember:
| The World Trade Organization (WTO) | ™ | Світова організація торгівлі |
| administer trade agreements (v) | ™ | керувати торговельними угодами |
| trade negotiations | ™ | торгові переговори |
| settle trade disputes (v) | ™ | урегульовувати торгові конфлікти |
| legal ground rules | ™ | основні правові норми |
| bind (v) | ™ | зобов’язувати (законом і т.ін.) |
| trade rights | ™ | торгові права |
| oversee (v) | ™ | наглядати, стежити за (кимсь, чимсь) |
| keep trade policy (v) | ™ | дотримуватися торгової політики |
| dealings (pl.) | ™ | ділові стосунки; торговельні справи (угоди) |
| the World Bank | ™ | Світовий (Міжнародний) банк |
World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. It does this by:
s administering trade agreements
s acting as a forum for trade negotiations
s settling trade disputes
s reviewing national trade policies
s assisting developing countries in trade policy issues through technical assistance and training programmes
s reducing protectionism
s cooperating with other international organizations
At the heart of the system are the WTO’s agreements, negotiated and signed by a large majority of the world’s trading nations. These agreements are the legal ground rules for international commerce. Essentially, they are contracts, guaranteeing member countries important trade rights. They also bind governments to keep their trade policies within agreed limits to everybody’s benefit. Their main purpose is to help producers of goods and services, exporters and importers conduct their business.
The WTO is one of three major organizations that oversee international economic relations among governments. The other two are the International Monetary Fund, which works to improve payment arrangements and other financial dealings between countries, and the World Bank, which provides loans to poorer nations. The WTO headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.
Exercises in Word Study
Ex.1. Form verbs from the following nouns:
administrator, negotiation, settlement, assistance, training, cooperation, agreement, improvement, arrangement, dealings.