Контроль самостоятельной работы. Задание 1. Ответом на какой вопрос является следующие
Задание 1. Ответом на какой вопрос является следующие
предложение.
1. The two – stroke engine is simple in construction but complex dynamics are employed in its operation.
a) What’s the peculiarity of the two – stroke engine?
b) Are complex dynamics employed in the operation of most types of engines?
c) What affects the construction of the 2 – stroke engine?
2. The air – fuel mixture is forced into the cylinder through the transfer ports.
a) When is the air – fuel mixture forced into the cylinder?
b) Why should the air – fuel mixture be forced into the cylinder through the transfer ports?
c) What is the air – fuel mixture forced into the cylinder through?
3. The 4 – stroke cycle is more efficient than the 2 – stroke cycle.
a) What type of engine is used to power tractors?
b) Is the 4 – stroke or the 2 – stroke cycle more efficient?
c) Why is the 4 – stroke cycle more efficient?
4. Knock occurs when the fuel ignites at the wrong time.
a) When does knock occur?
b) When does the fuel usually ignite?
c) What is the proper time to ignite the fuel?
5. The Diesel can be run at much higher compression ratios.
a) Why is the Diesel compression ratio so high?
b) What compression ratios can the Diesel be run at?
c) How can compression ratios be increased?
Задание 2. Продолжите предложения, выбрав соответствующий
вариант.
1. The rising piston creates ...... .
a) a spark plug;
b) a partial vacuum in the crankcase;
c) the dreaded condition known as knock.
2. The inlet port is uncovered by the piston as it rises, and ......
a) exhaust gases escape out to the atmosphere:
b) forces the piston downwards:
c) the air – fuel mixture enters the crankcase.
3. In the diesel cycle the burning is triggered ........ .
a) by the time the combustion completes:
b) by heat generated in compressing fuel – air mixture;
c) by the piston as it rises.
4. The 4 – stroke cycle is used ......
a) for industrial purposes today;
b) manufacturing expertise;
c) by the rapidly expanding gases of combustion.
5. The fuel isn’t in the engine ......
a) and requires considerably more moving parts;
b) although it is less stressful on the engine;
c) until the exact moment it is needed.
Задание 3. Передайте содержание текста С на английском языке.
В дизельном двигателе сгорание топлива инициируется не за счёт свечи зажигания, а посредством тепла, генерируемого при сжатии рабочей смеси.
Только воздух впускается в двигатель и сжимается. Когда поршень достигает верхней точки, впрыскивается топливо. Топливо для дизеля более густое и горит медленнее, чем бензин. Поршень опускается вниз к тому времени, когда сгорание завершается.
Преимущество дизеля в том, что он избегает детонации, которая может происходить в 4 – х тактном двигателе. Недостаток дизеля – это то, что он теряет часть потенциальной энергии заряда.
UNIT 4
TEXT A
PLOUGH
The plough (American spelling plow) is an agricultural implement used to turn over the surface of the soil into ridges and furrows in order to cultivate crops.
Ploughing has several advantages. The major reason for plowing is to incorporate the residue from the previous crop into the soil, reduce the prevalence of weeds in the fields, make the soil more porous,easing later planting.
The very earliest ploughs were simple scratch-ploughs and consisted of a frame holding a vertical wooden stick that was dragged through the topsoil.
The first iron plough was developed by Joseph Foljambe in Rotherham, England, in 1730. It was durable and light steel ploughwas lighter and more durable than ploughs made of iron or wood. It was designed by John Deere in 1830s. The first steel ploughs were walking ploughs, having two handles held by the ploughman to provide control over the depth and location of the furrow behind the draughting force. The ploughman was also controlling the draught animals. Riding ploughs with wheels and seat for the operator came later, and often had more than one share.
Much later they progressed info mould board plow which turn the soil in one run across the field. Modern mould board ploughs are powered by tractors.
WORD LIST
| turn over – surface – ridge – furrow – major reason – incorporate – residue – previous – reduce – prevalence – weed – scratch – consist of – hold (held) – wood stick – drag – durable – steel – location – handle – draughting force – mould board – run – crop residues – | переворачивать поверхность гребень борозда главная причина заделывать остатки предыдущий уменьшать, снижать преобладание сорняк царапать состоять из держать деревянная палка тянуть прочный стальной местоположение ручка, рукоятка сила тяги отвал заезд пожнивные остатки |
Задание 1.Дайте русский перевод следующих слов и
словосочетаний.
| soil use crop iron | advantage porous easy wood | make later simple design | frame topsoil develop provide |
Задание 2.Составьте пары синонимов из следующих слов:
implement, surface, advantage, contain, supply, ground, tool, benefit, consist of, drag, pull, provide.
Задание 3.Назовите существительные, соответствующие следующим глаголам.
| to plow to use to turn to cultivate | to incorporate to reduce to develop to design |
Задание 4.Найдите в тексте предложения, которые содержат следующие словосочетания. Переведите эти предложения на русский язык.
to turn over
in order to
to be dragged through
to provide control over
draught animals
to run across
Задание 5.Переведите подчёркнутые в тексте предложения, обращая внимание на их грамматическую структуру.
Задание 6.В каждом абзаце текста найдите предложения, выражающие основную мысль. Запишите их на русском языке.
Задание 7.Прочитайте текст А ещё раз и дайте ответы на вопросы.
1.What is used to turn over the soil into ridges and furrows?
2.What is the major reason for ploughing?
3.When was the first iron plough developed?
4.Did the ploughman operate with handle to provide control over the depth and location of furrow?
5.Does the modern plough turn the soil in one run across the field?
TEXT B
MOLDBOARD PLOUGH
Moldboard ploughs are adapted for turning the furrow slices and breaking them up.
Plough parts are: frame, frog, share, moldboard, landside, hitch, coulter; furrow, land and rear wheels.
The part of the plough that breaks the soil is called the bottom. The mouldboard is below the frame. It is tipped with a share, an asymmetric arrow – shaped device designed to slice through the ground horizontally, as it moves forward. It also has a coulter, a sharpened blade or disk, attached to the frame of the plough. It cuts down through the ground ahead of the share and also cuts deep-set and tough roots. The landside serves to steady the plough while it is being operating. It slides along the face of the furrow exerting considerable part of side pressure created by rising furrow slices on the furrow wall. Shares and land sides are bolted to the frog of the bottom. The shin is the cutting edge of the moldboard. It is used to do a good cut of the soil.
On modern ploughs the mouldboard is separated from the shin and bottom, allowing these parts to be replaced without replacing the moldboard. Abrasion eventually destroys all parts of the plough that contact the soil. It is essential to follow a systematic plan in reconditioning the various parts of plough.
WORLD LIST
adapt – приспосабливать
break up – дробить
frog – лягушка, стойка
share – лемех
landside – полевая доска
moldboard plough – лемешный плуг
hitch – прицепное устройство, сцепка
coulter – предплужник
furrow wheel – бороздное колесо
land wheel – полевое колесо
bottom – корпус
tip – приставлять что-либо к нижней части ч.-л.
arrow – shaped device – деталь клинообразной формы
slice through – подрезать
sharpen – заострять
ahead – впереди
deep-set and tough roots – глубокие и жесткие корни
cut down through the ground – подрезать верхний слой почвы
serve – служить
steady – устойчивый
slide along – скользить по
exert considerable part – передавать значительную часть чего-либо
side pressure – боковое давление
shin – полевой обрез отвала
separate - отделять
allow - позволять
replace - заменять
abrasion – стирание, изнашивание
destroy - разрушать
essential - важный
recondition – ремонтировать
Задание 1.Спросите своего партнера:
1. what plough parts are;
2. where the moldboard is located;
3. what the coulter fulfils;
4. what function of the coulter ;
5. what the landside serves for;
6. why it is essential to follow a systematic plan in reconditioning the various parts of plough.
Задание 2.Два утверждения из приведенных ниже не соответствуют
содержанию текста. Найдите и исправьте их.
1. Moldboard ploughs are adapted for turning the furrow slices and harrowing.
2. Moldboards are tipped with shares.
3. A coulter cuts down through the ground behind the share and also cuts tough roots.
4. Moldboards, shares and landsides are bolted to the frog of the bottom.
5. A shin is the cutting edge of the moldboard.
Задание 3.Используя задание 1,2, составьте реферат данного текста на английском языке.
TEXT C
TYPES OF TRACTOR MOLDBOARD PLOWS
Modern moldboard ploughs are classified as follows:
a) According to utility – all-purpose ploughs and specialized ploughs;
b) According to the number of bottoms – one-, two-, three-, four-, five-, six-, eight bottom ploughs.
c) According to the way of joining to the tractor – trailing, semi-mounted and integral mounted ploughs.
d) According to the shape of moldboards.
A trailing moldboard plough has from one to five bottoms. It is used for ploughing soils free from stones. The depth of ploughing is about 27cm.
Two – way trailing plows plough the soil 25cm deep. They differ from one – way trailing plough by there right and left hand bottoms. This type of plough can throw the furrow slices both to the right and to the left of the operator. It is used for ploughing irrigated lands or where it is desirable to break the land without a dead furrow.
A trailing disk plough is pulled behind the tractor. It has three wheels: two – furrow wheels and a land wheel. It can be attached to the tractor by a hitch either vertically or horizontally.
A two – way mounted plough is made to perform the same functions as the trailing two – way plough but it differs in construction. Different arrangements are provided to change from right to left – hand bottom.
Disk ploughs are adapted to the conditions where the moldboard will not work, for example sticky soils, dry ground, stony ground, and deep ploughing.
WORD LIST
| according to – utility – the way of – join – semi-mounted – integral mounted – shape – free from stones – two-way trailing plough – differ from – throw – desirable – dead furrow – behind – either …. or – perform – the same – arrangement – sticky – to be familiar with – | согласно назначение способ присоединять полунавесное навесное форма без камней плуг гладкой пахоты отличаться отбрасывать желательный поворотная борозда сзади либо …. либо выполнять тот же самый устройство липкий знать чего-либо |
Задание 1.Прочтите текст и скажите по- русски.
а) каким образом классифицируются лемешные плуги;
б) для чего используются прицепные и навесные лемешные плуги, прицепные плуги для оборачивания в одну сторону, дисковые плуги.
в) какую функцию выполняет навесной плуг.
Задание 2. Подготовьте презентацию на тему: «Лемешный плуг».